1. SKIN and BODY MEMBRANES
CHAPTER 4
SKIN
and
BODY MEMBRANES

2. CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY 4A body membranes pericardium
cutaneous membranes peritoneum
dermis pleura
epidermis serous fluid
epithelial membranes stratum basale
Integument stratum corneum
integumentary system stratum lucidum
keratin subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis
melanin synovial membranes
melanocytes

3. CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY 4B
acne medulla apocrine glands Meissner's corpuscles arrector pili nail athlete's foot papillary layer cold sores psoriasis cuticle reticular layer decubitus ulcers sebaceous glands dermal papillae seborrhea eccrine glands sebum impetigo sudoriferous glands

4. Color Sheet Color Code-plate 104
Stratum corneum – red shaft – light blue Stratum lucidum – orange follicle – dark green Stratum granulosum – yellow bulb of follicle - tan Stratum spinosum – light green matrix - lavendar Stratum basale – blue dermal papilla - aqua Connective tissue – pink arrector pili – dark pink Papillae – purple sebaceous gland - gold Nerve – gray sweat gland - green Artery – dark blue superficial fascia – Vein – orange peach/flesh Lymphatic vessel – brown

5. Color Code – Plate 105
Epidermis – red Dermis – pink Superficial fascia – peach Pain Free Nerve Endings – orange Touch Merkel’s Discs Meissner’s Corpuscles Root Hair Plexuses – yellow Pressure Pacinian Corpuscles – green Cold Krause Corpuscles – blue Heat Ruffini Corpuscles - purple

6. Body Membranes
A. cover surfaces
line body cavities
form protective sheets around organs
B. classified into:
1. Epithelial membranes
2. Connective tissue membranes

7. II. Epithelial membranes A
II. Epithelial membranes A. include: cutaneous membrane (skin) mucous membranes serous membranes B. Cutaneous Membrane 1. Superficial layer  epidermis 2. Underlying(deep) layer  dermis

8. C. Mucous Membranes 1. composed of epithelium resting on a loose conn
C. Mucous Membranes 1. composed of epithelium resting on a loose conn. tiss. membrane called a lamina propria 2. type of epithelium varies with the site 3. lines all body cavities that open to the exterior 4. lines hollow organs of the resp., dig., and reprod. tracts

9. D. Serous Membranes 1. simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar conn. tiss. 2. line body cavities that are closed to the exterior 3. occur in pairs: a. parietal layer – lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity b. visceral layer – covers the outside of the organs in that cavity

10. 4. Specific name depends on location a
4. Specific name depends on location a. peritoneum – lines abdominal cavity and covers its organs b. pleura – surround the lungs c. pericardium – around the heart 5. Name examples: a. parietal pleura – line the body cavity around the lungs b. visceral pleura – covers the outside of the lungs

11. III. Integumentary System A. skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands B
III. Integumentary System A. skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands B. cutaneous membranes  skin C. functions: 1. keeps H2O & other molecules in 2. keeps H2O & other things out (can swim and not get waterlogged) The above is possible due to keratin 3. regulates heat loss from body surface (due to capillary network and sweat glands) 4. synthesizes vitamin D (modified cholesterol in skin is converted by sunlight)

12. D. structure of skin (pg. 112, 113) 1
D. structure of skin (pg. 112, 113) 1. composed outer epidermis firmly connected to underlying dermis 2. Subcutaneous tissue a. also called hypodermis b. deep to the dermis c. serves as a shock absorber

13. E. Epidermis 1. avascular 2. layers: (from inner to outer) a
E. Epidermis 1. avascular 2. layers: (from inner to outer) a. stratum basale *deepest cell layer *where millions of new cells are produced daily *also called stratum germinativum

14. b. stratum spinosum – next layer c. stratum granulosum – 3rd layer
d. stratum lucidum
*layer in wh/ cells b/c flatter, increasingly full of keratin and finally die
*not seen in all skin regions (only where skin is hairless and extra thick – palms and soles)
e. stratum corneum
*outermost layer
A totally new epidermis occurs every days

15. 3. melanin a. pigment in skin b. ranges from yellow to brown to black c. produced by melanocytes (found in stratum basale) d. a natural sunscreen

16. F. Dermis 1. makes up mj. portion of skin 2. made of dense (fibrous) c
F. Dermis 1. makes up mj. portion of skin 2. made of dense (fibrous) c.t. consisting of 2 regions: a. papillary b. reticular

17. 3. papillary layer a. upper dermal region b. has fingerlike proj
3. papillary layer a. upper dermal region b. has fingerlike proj. of dermis into the epidermis  dermal papillae c. many contain capillary loops (furnish nutrients to epidermis) d. house receptors: *pain – free nerve endings *touch – Meissner’s corpuscles e. papillae form fingerprints

18. 4. reticular layer a. deepest skin layer b. contains:. blood vessels
4. reticular layer a. deepest skin layer b. contains: *blood vessels *sweat glands *oil glands *deep pressure receptors  Pacinian corpuscles

19. 1. sebaceous glands (oil glands) pg. 117
G. skin appendages
1. sebaceous glands (oil glands) pg. 117
a. found all over the skin except palms and soles
b. product  sebum (a lubricant)
*keeps skin soft & moist
*prevents hair from b/cing brittle
*contains chemicals that kill bacteria
c. b/c active when male sex hormones are prod. in increasing amts. (in both sexes)

20. 2. sudoriferous glands(sweat glands) pg. 117 a. 2 types:
2. sudoriferous glands(sweat glands) pg. 117 a. 2 types: *eccrine glands *apocrine glands b. eccrine glands *> #ous, found all over body *produce sweat *imp. & highly efficient part of body’s heat-regulating equipment (thermoregulators)

21. c. apocrine glands. found in axillary & genital areas
c. apocrine glands *found in axillary & genital areas *product  fatty acids & proteins wh/ empty i/t hair follicles *minimal role in thermoregulation

22. 3. hair (pg. 118, 119) a. minor protective functions b
3. hair (pg. 118, 119) a. minor protective functions b. composed primarily of dead keratinized cells c. hair follicles *produce hair d. root *part of hair enclosed in follicle e. matrix *÷ to form hair cells

23. f. layers of a hair 1) medulla central core 2) cortex surrounds medulla 3) cuticle *outermost layer that encloses cortex *single layer of overlapping cells (roof shingles) *most heavily keratinized region

24. g. hair follicle structures
1) epidermal sheath
*inner part
2) dermal sheath
*outer part
3) arrector pili
*small bands of smooth muscle cells
*connect to ea. side of hair follicle
*contraction  hair to be pulled upright forming “goose bumps”
(helps keep animals warm)

25. 4. nails (pg. 120) a. modification of epidermis b. nail matrix
4. nails (pg. 120) a. modification of epidermis b. nail matrix *thickened proximal area *responsible for nail growth c. transparent & colorless (appear pink b/c of rich blood supply in underlying epidermis) d. lunula *area of thickened nail matrix *appears as a white crescent

26. IV. Skin Conditions/Infections/Allergies A. decubitus ulcers (pg
IV. Skin Conditions/Infections/Allergies A. decubitus ulcers (pg. 116) 1. also called bedsores 2. occur in bedridden patients that are not turned regularly 3. weight of body puts pressure on skin

27. Decubitus ulcers (bedsores)

28. B. acne
active infection of the sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples
C. Seborrhea
1.overactivity of sebaceous glands
2.forms a yellow to brown crust that sloughs off as dandruff
D. athlete’s foot
fungal infection b/t toes
E. boils
inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands

29. Boil
Acne
Carbuncle

30. Seborrhea
Athlete’s foot

31. F. cold sores (pg. 121 pic. A) 1.fluid-filled blisters, itch and sting 2.caused by herpes simplex infection G. impetigo (pg. 121 pic. B) 1.H2O-filled lesions around nose & mouth 2.caused by staphylococcus infection H. psoriasis (pg. 121 pic. C) overprod. of skin cells  dry, silvery scales

32. impetigo
psoriasis
Cold sores

33. I. Burns (pg. 122) a. 2 life-threatening problems may occur:
1.dehydration & electrolyte imbalance
2. kidney shutdown & circulation shock
b. 1st degree burns
1. only epidermis is damaged
2. temporary discomfort, heals in 2-3 days
c. 2nd degree burns
1. damage to epidermis & upper dermis
2. red, painful, blisters appear
3. regrowth of epithelium can occur; usu no permanent scars

34. 1st & 2nd degree burns are partial-thickness burns d
1st & 2nd degree burns are partial-thickness burns d. 3rd degree burns 1. destroy entire thickness of skin 2. full-thickness burns 3. since nerve endings are destroyed  burned area is not painful 4. regeneration not possible  skin grafting is necessary

35. 1st degree burns
2nd degree burns
3rd degree burns

36. J. Skin Cancer 1. basal cell carcinoma (pg. 123 A) a
J. Skin Cancer 1. basal cell carcinoma (pg. 123 A) a. < malignant, > most common b. malignancy of the lowest epidermal layer 2. squamous cell carcinoma (pg.123B) a. involves cells of stratum spinosum b. believed to be sun-induced 3. malignant melanoma(pg. 123C) a. cancer of melanocytes

37. 4. ABCD rule for melanoma: A-asymmetry B-border irregularity C-color (areas of diff. colors) D-diameter (> 6mm)

38. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma

39. K. aging 1. amt. of subcut. tissue decreases causes intolerance to cold 2. oil prod. decreases  drier skin 3. thinning of skin  > bruising 4. decrease in skin elasticity  bags under eyes, sagging jowls (sped up with smoking & sun) 5. reduction in # of hair follicles  hair thinning/balding (alopecia)