1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 24: The New Era

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “The 1920s ushered in a ‘New Era’ in which key features of modern life took hold: mass society, mass culture, and mass consumption. Urban America led the way in rejecting social conventions that had limited Americans, especially women and children, while more traditional regions defended their ways of life through immigration restriction, Prohibition, Fundamentalism, and a reborn Ku Klux Klan.” “The 1920s ushered in a ‘New Era’ in which key features of modern life took hold: mass society, mass culture, and mass consumption. Urban America led the way in rejecting social conventions that had limited Americans, especially women and children, while more traditional regions defended their ways of life through immigration restriction, Prohibition, Fundamentalism, and a reborn Ku Klux Klan.” 2

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Roaring Economy The Roaring Economy A Mass Society A Mass Society Defenders of the Faith Defenders of the Faith Republicans Ascendant Republicans Ascendant The Great Bull Market The Great Bull Market 3

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 1 The 1920’s was considered a new era of technology, consumption and greed. Support this statement with 3 pieces of evidence from the cartoon

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1920’s Roaring economy in which mass production, consumer economics, mass media, materialistic society took hold….getting and spending…and depression

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Roaring Economy Technology and Consumer Spending Technology and Consumer Spending –As industrial economy matured, more consumer goods became available –Improved productivity helped keep prices down –Cigarette, Lighter, watches, tires cost 50% less, –Wages raised by $150.00 per year –Debt 2.5x faster than income 6

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Booming Construction Industry The Booming Construction Industry –Residential construction doubled as people moved from cities to suburbs –Construction stimulated other businesses: steel, concrete, lumber home mortgages, and insurance 7

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Automobile The Automobile –Henry Ford - Model T- Moving Assembly line –Doctrine of high wages –Emergence of a car culture-urban sprawl, real estate booms –GM- a car for every purse and purpose The Business of America The Business of America –Corporate consolidation  A & P sold 1:10 groceries- 15,000 stores in 1929 –Managerial elite and scientific management replaced robber barons –Management looked for stability and productivity 8

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10. Welfare Capitalism Welfare Capitalism –The American Plan- opening closed “union” shops –Yellow dog contracts –Kiss me clubs- health care, safety insurance, grievance procedure inclusive 5% of workers –On family in six was labeled as “chronically destitute”- –Union membership dropped from 5 million in 1921 to 3.5 million in 1929 10

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Consumer Culture The Consumer Culture –Consumption rested on two innovations: advertising to help people buy, and credit to help them pay –Role of advertising stressed desire rather than product –Installment buying as credit

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1910 1920 What is the point of view of the advertiser? What's different in the decades? What do these ads reveal about the changes in America?

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 2 What was the impact of the Automobile? How did the use of electricity affect American lifestyle? Explain the significance of the installment plan?

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. A Mass Society The New Woman The New Woman –Margaret Sanger- 90% of college educated used birth control –Flappers –Equal Rights Amendment- opposed bc of loss of mothers pensions and maternity insurance- death rate 2x men Mass Media Mass Media –Motion pictures, Radio –Print journalism: Time 1927 –Charles Lindberg 14

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16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “Ain’t We Got Fun?” “Ain’t We Got Fun?” –Spectator sports –Jazz – –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3mutvRSqnIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3mutvRSqnI “The style spread when the ‘Original Dixieland Jazz Band’ (hardly original but possessed of the advantage of being white) recorded a few numbers for the phonograph. The music became a sensation in New York in 1917 and spread across the country.” 16

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Art of Alienation The Art of Alienation –Expatriates fled America’s Victorian purity, materialism, conformity, big business, hatred of war- embraced nihilism –Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway- “The Sun Also Rises”, Sinclair Lewis- Babbitt, F. Scott Fitzgerald- This side of Paradise A “New Negro”- Alain Locke of Howard A “New Negro”- Alain Locke of Howard –Marcus Garvey- Universal Negro Improvement Association- separation of races –Harlem Renaissance- artistic movement rather than protest celebrate Black life and alienation of the day 17

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Defenders of the Faith Nativism and Immigration Restriction Nativism and Immigration Restriction –Sacco and Vanzetti case- execution of radical anarchist despite confession symbolic of USA bigotry and prejudice –National Origins act (1921) capped immigration at 350,000 w/ 3% quota (1924) was the culmination of nativism 2% quota of 1890 pop, 150,000 cap- 4 years of immigration control end of unimpeded immigration The “Noble Experiment”- Volstead Act The “Noble Experiment”- Volstead Act –Eighteenth Amendment –Consequences of Prohibition 18

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Fundamentalism versus Darwinism Fundamentalism versus Darwinism –The Fundamentals- literal interpretation of Bible –Scopes trial William Jennings Bryant co- prosecuter vs. Clarence Darrow the agnostic KKK KKK –KKK was reborn in Georgia in 1915 –The new Klan drew on the culture of small- town America –Members came mostly from the middle and working classes –Nativist and Protestant 19

20. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “As scientific, religious, and cultural standards clashed, how much should religious beliefs influence public education? In the wake of the Scopes trial, the question was resolved in favor of secular over religious instruction, at least in public schools.” 20

21. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. AP PAGE 27 Literature of the 1920’s Lab time and research

22. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 3 What was prohibition? What was the Volstead act? Do you think the Volstead act and the Scopes Trial represented genuine triumphs for traditional values?

23. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Republicans Ascendant 1921- 33 Progressive era 1890-1920 ended w/ the 1920’s Progressive era 1890-1920 ended w/ the 1920’s The Politics of “Normalcy” The Politics of “Normalcy” –Warren G. Harding- good and bad appointments Herbert Hoover head of Food Administration- Albert Fall caused teapot dome scandal selling naval oil- Died 1923 –1921 Bureau of the Budget –Calvin Coolidge- civilization and profits go hand in hand –Special investigatory committee and prosecution of Harding's wrongdoer won him the executive in 1924 23

24. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Policies of Mellon and Hoover The Policies of Mellon and Hoover –Andrew Mellon- Sec of Treasury and president of Alcoa Aluminum- Trickle Down cut taxes on rich and corporations in half –Associationalism- Hoovers idea to encourage cooperation between business and gov’t –Combined companies into industry associations which fostered efficiency, cooperation, and act in public best interest –Hoover and Mellon placed government in service of business consolidated wealth and power in business –Death of Laissez Faire economy

25. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Distress Signals at Home and Abroad Distress Signals at Home and Abroad –“Farm bloc” organized (1921) to provide relief, farmers banks, and gov’t supervision of agriculture 1/3 of population relied on farming, more assets than manufacturing, utilities, and RR, yet farmers income fell by 50 % –The Dawes plan- loans made to stabilize German economy after $33 billion reparations was defaulted –Five Power Pact- freeze battleship construction limit tonnage –Kellog-Briand Pact- outlawed war –France Japan began small arms race warships and subs 25

26. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Election of 1928 26

27. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Election of 1928 The Election of 1928 –Coolidge chooses not to run for re-election. Republicans nominate Hoover –Democratic party continued to be polarized between its rural supporters and ethnic laborers, but beginnings of a new coalition emerge in this election –12 largest cities went to the democrats

28. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. AP PAGE 35 Packets in Category

29. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 4 Do you agree with President Coolidge’s statement “The man who builds a factory builds a temple- the man who works there worships their” Explain your answer Think about: the goals of business and religion the American idolization of Business the diffrence between workers and management

30. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Great Bull Market The Rampaging Bull The Rampaging Bull –More Americans involved in stock market –$900 million of Gold and $6 billion new $ –Corporate profits 80%, brokers loans @ 25% –Purchasing stocks 50% margin requirement –To much paper money and the Federal reserve raised interest rates by 25% but it was to late The Great Crash The Great Crash –10/24 13 million shares sold at $3 billion loss –“Black Tuesday”10/29/29 $10 billion loss –The crash starts the Depression bc economy based on investments 30

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32. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Sickening Slide in Global Perspective The Sickening Slide in Global Perspective –Shock waves from The Great Crash rippled across the globe-30m unemployed –Wages & production cut in half –Banks crashed, global exports decreaed by 2/3 –41 nations abandoned the gold standard The Causes of the Great Depression The Causes of the Great Depression –Consumer debt and uneven distribution of wealth –Banking system –Corporate structure and public policy –“Sick” industries –Economic ignorance 32

33. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Causes of the Great Depression The Causes of the Great Depression –Consumer debt rose by 250% and uneven distribution of wealth 1% owned 36% of $ –Banking system was deregulated and invested –Corporate structure un regulated and Mellon’s public policy kept business out fo gov’t grasp –“Sick” industries farming, RR over expanded- demand decrease –Economic ignorance w/ regards to tariffs and exchange of products, $, and markets

34. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. AP PAGE 38-39

35. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 5 List and explain 3 causes of the Great Depression?

36. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ESSAY DUE BLACK TUESDAY What Caused the Great Depression? Bring a paper copy Monday