1. War and Revolution

2. Why go to War?

3. Declaration of Pillnitz w The Declaration was issued by the Austrians in August 1791 w They saw the Revolution as a disease which needed to be stopped. w Stated that the Great powers of Europe should join together and stop it. w Wasn’t a Declaration of War, just a statement of intent. w However France took it as a sign of Declaration of War.

4. Relationship of Revolution and War France believed that if they went to war it would take pressure out of France and also transport the Revolution. w The great powers of Europe saw the Revolution working to their advantage, as it reduced French power and influence. w After the Flight to Varennes the Austrians felt they had to support Louis. So they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz

5. Revolutionary Tribunals w The Revolutionary Tribunals were set up on March 10th w Made to preserve the Revolution by trying counter- revolutionary suspects w 1-6 months they tried to save the revolution as it was collapsing.

6. Organisation- leveé en masse w Was introduced in August 1792 by Bertrand Barére w The idea of this is that every French man was a soldier and a defender of the nation w It was introduced because more soldiers were needed w Barére wanted to mobilise France entirely for War. w It conscripted nearly 1/2 million unmarried men aged 18-25 w All troops were fed, armed and trained

7. Conscription w Committee of public safety organised the war w Government ordered a levy of 30 000 troops in Feb 1793 w Marseilles had 3500 men conscripted w Bordeaux had 400 men conscripted w A surge of patriotism brought volunteers from all over France w Young men married to avoid conscription w The traditional recruiting areas were north and east of France but conscription brought men from the south and west. w On the 11th of July a decree called every French men to fight it was called ‘La patrie en danger’

8. Artillery w Factories were set up to make arms and ammunition w Church bells were melted down for cannons w Religious metals were melted down for coinage

9. Representatives-on-mission w Representatives-on-mission were political representatives from the Convention. w They were sent to provinces w They were introduced because of resistance to conscription and suspicion of generals. w They had almost unlimited powers over the armies. w The deputies of the Convention were mainly Montagnards, whose job was to speed up Conscription and keep an eye on the generals. w They could also arrest generals w Military defeat, or failure to follow up a victory was now a political crime: 17 generals were executed in 1793 and 67 in 1794.

10. Military failures w 1st Sep 1792 the fall of fortress at Verdun which was a large military base w March 1793 Dumouriez was defeated by Austrians at Neerwinden w Summer 1793 the war against allies was still going badly and Austrians pushed into France w French lost Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine w Advance on Austrian Netherlands where troops panicked and retreated killing their commanders

11. Military successes w June 26th Austrians were defeated at Fleures and Belgium was recaptured w September 20th Brunswick army was defeated and the Prussians were forced to withdraw at Valmy w End of Sep Spanish armies were driven out of Roussillon and Piedmontese out of Savoy. The British army were defeated at Handschoote w End of Nov Austrians were expelled from French land