1. The Age of Exploration Europe Encounters the World

2. Why did explorations happen when they did? ► A variety of factors all came together to make the time period (1450-1700) the “age of exploration” ► Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from the east harder to get, more expensive ► Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major block to trade

3. What is the easiest way to remember it all? ► The Three G’s:  Gold  Glory  God ► Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

4. The First G: Gold ► Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after. ► Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system ► Europeans also desired spices ► Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.) ► This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges, the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and that to make your kingdom strong you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms

5. The second G: Glory ► Just like the first G, Gold, Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe ► Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement ► With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible ► Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreads The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502.

6. The third G: God ► As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing ► Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up ► Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity ► Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active

7. What were the new technologies that enabled explorations? ► The caravel was a new, faster, more maneuverable ship ► Compass, astrolabe, maps and other technologies from Islamic culture all helped make explorations possible

8. How did these explorations begin? ► The first to encourage new ship explorations was Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator” ► Started an institute for seafaring and exploring ► Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations ► By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa

9. Christopher Columbus (Spain) ► believed had to be a short cut by sailing west ► Columbus- (Genoan) went west 1492 ► arrived in Caribbean thought it was the Indies but it was present day Bahamas ► Through his four voyages, he landed on present day landed on present day Central America, South America, Central America, South America, Caribbean Islands, and North Caribbean Islands, and North American American

10. Pattern of Contact ► Begin by trading ► Armed conflict- Europeans had cannon ► Set up trading partners- some stay to protect partners and Europeans ► Made alliances with local leaders ► Dutch and English less apt to become involved with culture/religion ► Developed mercantilism- material from colony- buy finished products form Europe.

11.  The C.E. was a movement of plants, animals and diseases between the hemispheres  The transfer of germs – N.A. had no immunity to European diseases like smallpox, measles and influenza. N.A. populations decreased by 90%  Europeans brought cattle, pigs, grapes  Americas sent tomatoes, pineapples, turkeys Columbia Exchange

12. Slave Trade ► Portuguese- trade with Africa- To Portugal as servants than to Brazil to work on plantations ► Africans less susceptible to European diseases that Native Americans ► But death rate was high 13-30% just on the trip ► African middlemen active- depopulate entire areas of Africa- food from Americas helped increase birthrate

13. Spice Trade-East Indies ► Europeans needed spice to preserve the meat and make it taste better when it started going bad – refrigeration had not yet been invented ► Portuguese led the way which angered the Spain ► Spain and Portugal begin competing for land and trade routes (battles break out at sea)

14. Spain and Portugal ► Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation) Agreement made by the Pope (modified)  Portugal: east of mid-Atlantic  Spain: west of mid-Atlantic  Modified to give Brazil to Portugal

15. The World Dominated by Europe: COLONIZATION ► Africa- completely dominated by Europe- only one independent country Ethiopia ► Southeast and Asia- French in Vietnam, British in Burma, Spanish in Philippines, Dutch in Indonesia ► India- French and British compete- British win out, not independent until 1948 ► South America- Spanish dominated: Others joined ( French, Dutch, British, and Portuguese) too

16. Impact on World by European Contact ► Purpose was to serve the home county  slaves, furs, cotton, fish, spices, tobacco, gold or silver. ► Colonies improved the lives of Europeans greatly. ► In the Americas  More intermarriage by Spanish /Portuguese and French  Disease was devastating. Measles, influenza, smallpox  Violence common - many people died

17. Color the empires of Spain YELLOW Color the empires of Portugal GREEN Color the empires of France BLUEColor the empires of England RED