1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Blood pressure and regulation of cardiac output

2. Blood vessels
Arteries, arterioles, capillary bed, venules, veins

3. Changes in blood pressure

4. Systemic blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure (declines gradually)

5. Systemic blood pressure
Mean arterial pressure
MAP = diastolic + pulse pressure pressure 3
MAP = 70 mm Hg + 50 mm Hg = 87 mm Hg

6. Cardiac output
Increasing preload pressure increases heart rate and stroke volume

7. Calculating Cardiac output
Cardiac output (CO) = HR x SV
HR = 80 beats/min
SV = 0.07l/beat or 70 ml
CO = 80 x 70 = 5.6 l/min

8. Starling’s law
The greater the filling of the heart, the greater the amount pumped by the heart

9. Blood pressure Determined by: cardiac output
vascular resistance (total peripheral resistance)
blood volume

10. Short Term Regulation
Neural control
Hormonal control
Venous return

11. Short Term Regulation Chemical control Stimulus: decline in BP
Adrenal medulla :norepinephrine (NE)
Increases HR
Stimulus: increase in BP
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decreases blood volume and pressure

12. Short Term Regulation Vascular resistance
Altering blood flow by changing vessel diameter
Vasodilation/constriction

13. Short Term Regulation Vasodilation Blood pumped faster Venous return
Muscle pump
Respiratory pump
100%

14. Long Term Regulation Changes in blood volume (kidneys)
Renal autoregulation
Angiotensin II (renin)
Hormones
ADH
Aldosterone

15. Blood Pressure Regulation
Baroreceptors
Nerve endings detect stretch
Most important (aortic arch, carotid arteries)
Information relayed to the brain