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PERIOD 2: ORGANIZATION AND REORGANIZATION OF HUMAN SOCIETIES
c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE Ch 5, p. 55 Source: AP World History Crash Course by J.P. Harmon
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Development ofCity-States and Empires
c. 600 BCE – c. 600 CE The Classical Era
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Empire Definition: One king with political control over a large amount of territory Usually includes people of a variety of cultures and languages Leadership is not necessarily from the same family except in China – Dynasty – leadership in ONE family City-states were powerful cities that expanded their power over neighboring peoples and formed colonies
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Must-Know Empires & City-States
Southwest Asia Persian (Achaemenid) Empire (c. 500BCE- c. 330 BCE) Parthian Empire (c. 250 BCE – c. 220 CE) East Asia Qin Dynasty (c. 220 BCE – c. 206 BCE) Han Dynasty (c. 206 BCE – c. 220 CE) South Asia Mauryan Empire ( c. 321 BCE – c. 185 BCE) Gupta Empire ( c. 320 CE – c. 550 CE)
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Must-Know Empires & City-States
Mediterranean Phoenician city-states and their colonies around the Mediterranean (c – c BCE) Greek city-states (c. 600 – 330 BCE) Alexander’s Hellenistic empires (c. 330 BCE – c. 30 CE) Roman Republic (c. 500 BCE – c. 30 BCE) Roman Empire (c. 30 BCE – 476 CE) Byzantine Empire ( 476 CE – 1453 CE) Mesoamerica Andean South America
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Must-Know Empires & City-States
Mesoamerica Teotihuacán city-state (c. 100 – 700 CE) Mayan city-state (c. 250 – 900 CE) Andean South America Moche Empire (c. 100 – c. 800 CE)
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Political Control and Contributions
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Classical Empires Created complex forms of governments and elaborate bureaucracies Kings had a great deal of administrative support Vice-kings, governors, city-leaders Empires also had government record-keepers, post office officials, tax collectors, soldiers, census takers, judges Many governments in later eras modeled their systems on the governments form this era
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Persian Empires Achaemenid Empire 550 BCE – c. 330 BCE Parthian Empire
c. 250 BCE – c. 220 CE
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Persian Empire Centered in modern Iran
Stretched from Western India almost to modern Greece The largest of the two
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Persian Empire King used regional leaders (satraps) to run portions of the empire and report back One of the world’s first highway systems used to move armies and messengers rapidly Messengers delivered dispatches with such efficiency that a Greek historian said: “neither snow, nor rain, nor gloom of night” could keep them from their jobs”
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Persian Empire Over-extended and became vulnerable to attack
Early 300s BCE, Alexander the Great, Macedonian ruler of Greece, spent 11 years attempting to conquer this empire Alexander achieved his goal but died soon after His empire divided among his top 4 generals
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Parthian Empire About 100 years later, the Parthian’s arose
Defeated what was left of Alexander’s kingdom Became rivals to Rome
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Chinese Dynasties Qin Dynasty (c. 220 BCE – c. 206 BCE)
Han Dynasty (c. 206 BCE – c. 220 CE)
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Chinese Dynasties Known for : Religious tolerance
Technological achievements Government systems
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Qin Dynasty
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Qin Began after the chaos of the Warring States Period (c. 500 BCE – c. 220 BCE) 20 warlords fighting for power of China, until 220 BCE Chinese believed heavens would provide them with a ruler who would establish a family line, a dynasty who would rule until its leaders displeased the powers in heaven Called the Mandate of Heaven Integral part of Chinese culture
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Qin Qin Shihuangdi returned China to dynastic rule with both diplomatic skill and military ruthlessness Used philosophy called “Legalism” Established a clear chain of command Clear rules of bureaucratic etiquette Severe punishments for crimes
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Qin Dynasty didn’t last long
220 BCE – 206 BCE – 14 years But despite short length established a solid foundation for Chinese dynastic rule Endured until the 20th century The most complex bureaucracy in the Classical Era
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Han Dynasty
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Han Dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE Roughly contemporary to the Roman Empire
Exchanged trade and diplomatic ties along the Silk Road Roughly as large and as wealthy as the Roman Empire More technologically advancement than Rome
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Han Dynasty Extended his power through a mix of diplomacy, trade and military Began building the Great Wall of China Some credit Qin for this Defense from the Huns Began canal digging projects that linked north and south China Designed to help trade of grain to the south and rice to the north Aided in the movement of people
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South Asian Empires Mauryan Empire c. 321 – c. 185 BCE
Gupta Empire c 320 – c. 550 CE
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India Typical Indian political history is de-centrialized
Only centralized 5 times in it’s history Alexander Mauryan Gupta Mughals British
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Mauryan Empire Stretched from modern Pakistan almost to the southern end of modern India
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Mauryan Empire Most famous ruler was Asoka (Ashoka)
Hindu who built empire through bloody conquest Converted to a peaceful life under Buddhism Promoted spread of Buddhist missionaries into East and Southeast Asia Ruled in a manner considered kindly for the time Despite his efforts, India remains predominantly Hindu
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Ashoka
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Gupta Empire C. 320 CE – c 550 CE Covered northern half of India
Noted for cultural contributions to Western Culture Zero “Arabic” numerals Chess Medical advances
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Mediterranean Empires
Phoenician city-states and their Mediterranean colonies (c – c. 200 BCE) Greek city-states (c. 600 – 330 BCE) Alexander’s Hellenistic empires (c. 330 BCE – c. 30 CE) Roman Republic (c. 500 BCE – c. 30 BCE) Roman Empire (c. 30 BCE – 476 CE) Byzantine Empire ( 476 CE – 1453 CE)
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Phoenician City-States
Original base on east Med. Sea in modern day Lebanon Great seafarers Established colonies across the Med. Sea Greece Italy Northern Africa Spain
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Phoenician City-States
Did not use military conquest to gain power Interested in trade Became the “go-betweens” Specialized in luxury goods Diamonds Cinnamon Roses
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Phoenician City-States
Colonies in Greece greatly influenced Greek civilization The Phoenician alphabet was adopted Reading from left to right Greeks brought their culture to the Romans c. 300 – c. 200s BCE Rome fought one of the last Phoenician colonies – Carthage Wanted economic and political control of all of the Med. Sea Rome’s victory led to the rise of the Roman Republic
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Greek City-States c. 600 BCE – c. 330 BCE
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Greek City-States Culturally similar in language and religion
Diverse in governing Athens – democracy Sparta – totalitarian, military oligarchy Thebes – monarchy Political forms in Greece usually existed somewhere between Athens and Sparta
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Greek City-States Persian Wars Peloponnesian War
War between united Greek City-States and the first Persian Empire Peloponnesian War War between Athens and Sparta and their allies Sparta wins, but leaves most of city-states weak Philip II – King of Macedonia takes advantage of weakness and conquers much of Greece and unites them under his power
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PERSIAN WAR PELOPONNESIAN WAR
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Alexander the Great Became King at 20 after Phillip’s assassination
Swore to bring revenge to the Persian Empire who he believed was responsible for his father’s death Unified ALL of Greece Gathered an army to conquer Persia in 300s BCE
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Alexander the Great At some length, Alexander defeats Darius II and takes over the Persian Empire Moves to expand his territory to Egypt and Northern India Takes Egypt by cunning Takes India by war Men threaten to mutiny and he agrees to head back to Greece Dies at the age of 33 in Babylon
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Hellenism Alexander’s greatest legacy
A blend of math, science, philosophy, literature, governance, architecture and art of Greece, India, Egypt and Persia A prime example of CULTURAL SYNCRETISM Statues of Buddha in the Greek style Coins with Alex’s face on them everywhere Egyptian scientists, educated in Greece accurately estimated the earth’s circumference
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Rome
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Roman History Timeline
Roman Republic C. 509 BCE – 30 BCE Roman Empire 30 BCE – 476 CE Byzantine Empire 476 CE – 1453 CE
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Roman Civilization Patterned much from Greece
Through their vast empire they influenced most of Western Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa “Rome captured Greece but Greece captivated Rome” Meaning?
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Rome Roman army conquered Greece soon after Alexander’s death
But because of the Greek influence on the Italian mainland, Romans adopted many aspects of Greek Culture architecture Philosophy literature Romans traded many of their gods for Greek gods, but gave them Roman names
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Rome Roman Classical era includes both the Republic and the Empire
The assassination of Julius Caesar and the rise of Augustus as emperor mark the shift from Republic to Empire
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Roman Architecture Monuments Temples Aqueducts Vast network of roads
Political & military leaders Temples Gods and goddesses Aqueducts Fresh water in every city Vast network of roads Used for rapid transit of troops Aided in trade as well as spread of Christianity
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Roman Architecture
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Roman Government If a problem couldn’t be fixed by a military, it couldn’t be fixed Legionnaires were the engineers, builders, laborers Used military to protect and expand trade by land and sea Built military forces throughout empire Extended their influence by using diplomats and merchants to broker treaties and trade SILK!
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Roman Civilization Romans encouraged migration to their colonies to encourage the natives to embrace the “Roman Way” Many people in Europe and Africa were considered “Roman” but had never seen Rome Cities built in the provinces modeled Rome from arenas to baths
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A Divided Empire 180 CE – the peak of Pax Romana under Marcus Aurelius
Beginning with Commodus’s reign, the empire began to fail To large to manage as a whole Diocletian divided empire to ease management 284 Constantine moved capital to Byzantium Theodosius made split permanent 395 Justinian tried to unite it again
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Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Empire 476 CE Ostrogoths sacked Rome
Odacer, crowned himself “emperor” of Rome The western Roman empire was no more In the east, the Empire remained for nearly 1000 years
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Byzantine Empire Capital: Constantinople
Influenced social, political and economic development Russia Cyrillic Alphabet Eastern Europe Modern-day Turkey Greatest contribution Justinian’s Code
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Mesoamerican and Andean Civilization
Teotihuacán – c. 100 CE – c. 700 CE Maya – c. 250 CE – c. 900 CE Moche – c. 100 CE – c. 800 CE
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Mesoamerican and Andean Civilization
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Teotihuacán City-State located north of the Maya civilization
Population of maybe 200,000 Separate civilization than the Maya Complex bureaucracy Built reservoirs, apartment complexes and pyramids Traded and warred with Maya
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Maya Located Central American and southern Mexico
Made complex mathematical calculations Studied the stars Developed a complex writing system to record History Religious beliefs Astronomical observations
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Mayan Temples
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Maya Largest city – Tikal 100,000 people total
Largest structure in Americas until late 19th C 14 story temple Celestial observatory Agricultural system featured irrigation and terracing of hillsides Supported a population of nearly 5 million
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Maya Maintained power through military coercion
Established a tribute system of goods and people from those who were conquered Connected to and influenced regional trade networks Close relationship between spiritual and political leaders Human sacrifice important
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Mayan Cities
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Moche Territory stretched 250 miles along the west coast of the Andes Mountains in Peru Govern by a class of warrior priests Built pyramids and other large buildings Traded with neighboring peoples Complex irrigation systems and terracing to grow crops Practiced human sacrifice Skilled fine craftsmen in jewelry, gold, pottery
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Common Features of Empires and City-States
Summary of similarities between civilizations in the Americas and Afro-Eurasia
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Importance of Cities Centers of : art trade religion
Government buildings
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Major cities of the era Mediterranean East Asia Mesoamerica Alexandria
Carthage Rome Constantinople East Asia Chang’an Mesoamerica Teotihuacán
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Social Structures All quite similar with political and religious elite at top Followed by (order depended on the civilization) merchants, warriors, craftspeople, laborers, and slaves Slaves were at the bottom of all societies Mayan & Romans more dependent on slaves than Han East Asians were the only ones to consider merchants near the bottom Thought to be of little value b/c the exchanged goods rather than producing them Mauryan/Gupta social status predetermined by the caste
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Labor Systems Agricultural and other labor provided by:
Free people Indentured servants slaves Often agricultural working class forced to provide free labor to government in road-building and other civic projects 2 examples of civic labor Construction of Great Wall and the Grand Canal in Han China
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Decline and Fall of the Classical Empires
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Patterns of Decline Different times for each civilization but same patterns Over-extension Declining political, social and economic areas caused by Internal disruptions Outside invasions
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Patterns of Decline Order of decline
Mauryan Han Western Roman Gupta Events leading to decline included Long but serious decline in political, social & economic influence over its own people and then those outside its borders
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Internal Pressures Diseases spread by war and by transference along trade routes Peasant revolts against overbearing landlords Yellow Turban revolt against Han dynasty Promised new society with no rich landlords and no oppressive government officials bullying peasants into coerced labor Resistance to high taxation A breakdown of imperial authority Failing economies
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External Pressures Rival empires, local rebels & nomadic groups taking advantage of thinning numbers of the hated empire’s military as it began as it began to decline Nomadic invaders (barbarians) swept thru farms and cities of all empires, looting and taking food as well as destroying and killing Most famous barbarian invaders of Rome were the Huns, Goths, Vandals, Ostrogoths Attacked Western Roman Empire
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Some Differences in Declines
Han dynasty fell mostly because of internal causes Struggles for power among dynastic family members and top generals Yellow Turban Revolt The fall of the empires in the Americas Remain a mystery and a source of debate
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Some Differences in Declines
The fall of the empires in the Americas Remain a mystery and a source of debate Current theories ecological collapse either brought on by overuse of land or by natural changes of climate Either theory would have led to lower levels of food production Without abundant food the dependant residents of Teotihuacán, Tikal and those of the Moche would have perished
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