1. Feature-based (object-based) Verification Nathan M. Hitchens National Severe Storms Laboratory

2. Introduction Feature-based verification approaches identify “objects” within forecast and observed fields – Attributes related to the objects from each field are compared e.g. size, location, intensity, orientation angle, etc. – Precipitation most common variable – Summary of approaches Gilleland et al. 2009 and Gilleland et al. 2010

3. Example 1-hr precipitation (Stage II)Precipitation Objects

4. Approaches Contiguous Rain Areas (CRAs) – “The area of contiguous observed and/or forecast rainfall enclosed within a specified isohyet” – CRAs are the union of forecast and observed rain entities Ebert and McBride 2000

5. Approaches – Verification Statistics Mean horizontal displacement of the forecast Error in forecast and observed rain area Error in mean and maximum rain rates Error in rain volume Pattern correlation of the corrected forecast

6. Approaches Baldwin et al. 2005 – Features-based technique to classify rainfall systems Non-convective subclass (stratiform) Convective subclasses (linear and cellular) – First identify objects similar to Ebert and McBride 2000

7. Approaches – Use manual expert classification of system type on “training” dataset – Apply cluster analysis to training dataset Gamma-scale parameter and object eccentricity found to have most determining power Baldwin et al. 2005

8. Approaches Method for Object- based Diagnostic Analysis (MODE) – Smoothing of fields to filter out small- scale variations Davis et al. 2006

9. Approaches – Smoothed fields are thresholded to allow object boundaries to be detected – Identified objects may also be “associated” into simple shapes for better evaluation of some attributes (aspect ratio, angle, etc) Davis et al. 2006

10. Approaches – Observed and forecasted objects can be “matched” based on the distance between two objects (relative to their size) – Object attributes are compared (either with or without matching)

11. My Research Used Baldwin’s approach to identify objects – 6.0 mm threshold applied to 1-hr Stage II precipitation Identified threshold for “extreme” as 99 th percentile value of maximum precip in objects Used WRF to simulate selected events

12. 28 August 1998 ST2 NARR 60-km 90-km 120-km 150-km 180-km R1

13. Methods BOOIA applied to ST2 product and precipitation from each simulation – Simulated objects compared to observed using Euclidean distance approach – Object dissimilarity score formula: where s is areal size, me is mean precipitation value, ma is maximum precipitation value, x is the x-direction coordinate, y is the y-coordinate value, and the subscripts O and F represent observed and forecast objects Coefficients A through E are for weighting purposes

14. Methods – Each attribute is scaled based on the formula: where z is the scaled attribute, z 0 is the non-scaled attribute, z 10 is the attribute’s 10 th percentile value, and z 90 is the attribute’s 90 th percentile value

15. 28 August 1998 BOOIA attributes for observed and forecast objects

16. Questions?