1. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 ECE 697F Reconfigurable Computing Lecture 11 FPGA-Based System Design

2. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Topics °Basics of sequential machines. °Sequential machine specification. °Sequential machine design processes for FPGAs

3. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 FSM structure

4. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Constraints on structure °No combinational cycles. °All components must have bounded delay °FPGAs benefit from many flip flops and predictable timing °Asynchronous circuits difficult to implement in FPGAs

5. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Synchronous design °Controlled by clock(s). State changes at time determined by the clock. Inputs to registers settle in time for state change. Primary inputs settle in time for combinational delay through logic. °Machine state is determined solely by registers. Don’t have to worry about timing constraints, events outside the registers.

6. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Non-functional requirements and optimization °Performance: Clock period is determined by combinational logic delay. °Area: Combinational logic size usually dominates area. °Energy/power: Often dominated by combinational logic. May be improved by latching values.

7. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Register-transfer structure °Registers fed by combinational logic: Combinational logic DQDQDQDQDQDQ

8. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Counter state transition graph °Cyclic structure: 0 1/1 1 1/2 6 1/7 7 1/0 …

9. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Example: 01 string recognizer °Recognize 01 sequence in input string: recognizer 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

10. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Sequential machine definition °Machine computes next state N, primary outputs O from current state S, primary inputs I. °Next-state function: N =  (I,S). °Output function (Mealy): O = (I,S).

11. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Reachability °State is reachable if there is a path from given state. °May be created by state encoding: s0s1 s2s3

12. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Networks of FSMs °Functions can be built up from interconnected FSMs: M1M2 x y I1 O1 I2 O2 External connections Internal connections

13. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Illegal composition of Mealy machines Combinational logic DQ Combinational logic DQ

14. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Communicating FSM states s1 s2 M1 0/0 1/0 -/1 s3 s4 M2 0/0 -/0 1/1

15. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Product machine °Two connected machines: RS i1o1 i2 o2

16. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Behavior of connected machines RS i1o1 i2 o2 R1S1001 R2S2010 R3S1000 R3S1000

17. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Forming product machine °Form Cartestian product of states: R1S1, R1S2, R2S1, R2S2, R3S1, R3S2. °For each product state, determine the combined behavior of each product transition: Required inputs. Produced output. Next product state.

18. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Encoding a shift register °Symbolic state transition table for shift register: 0S00 0 1 S100 0S01S001 1S01S101 0 S010 1S10S110 0 S011 1S11 1

19. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Bad encoding °Let S00 = 00, S01 = 01, S10 = 11, S11 = 10. °Logic: Output = S1 S0’ + S1’ S0 N1 = I N0 = I S1’ + I’ S1

20. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Good encoding °Let S00 = 00, S01 = 01, S10 = 10, S11 = 11. °Logic: Output = S0 N1 = I N0 = S1

21. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Bus interfaces °Requirements: High performance. Variable signal environment. °Techniques: Asynchronous logic. Handshaking-oriented protocols.

22. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Timing diagrams a b c stable 0 1 changing Timing constraint

23. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Asynchronous logic °Distribute timing information with values. No global clock. °Clock signal paths must have the same delay as data values.

24. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Latching an asynchronous signal DQ adrs adrs_ready adrs

25. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Asynchronous timing constraints °Must satisfy setup, hold times. adrs Setup time Hold time

26. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Bus system design °Requirements: Imposed by the other side of the system. °Constraints: Imposed by this side of the system. ab requirements constraints

27. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 ba Views of the bus °Hardware: DQDQ Combinational logic

28. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Views of bus system, cont’d. °Timing diagram: ba DQDQ Combinational logic x y xy

29. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Bus protocols °Basic transaction: four-cycle handshake. a b

30. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Handshake machine °Each side is an FSM (possibly asynchronous): ab 01 Go ack enq 01 ack

31. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Advanced transactions °Multi-cycle transfers: Several values on one handshake. May use implicit addressing.

32. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 PCI bus °Used for box-level system interconnect. °Two versions: 33 MHz. 66 MHz. °Supports advanced transactions.

33. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Platform FPGAs °Put all the logic for a system on one FPGA. °Requires large FPGAs plus: Specialized logic: -I/O support; -memory interface. CPUs.

34. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Example: Virtex II Pro °Major features: Large FPGA fabric. High-speed I/O. PowerPC.

35. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Virtex II Pro High-speed I/O °Rocket I/O: parallel/serial or serial/parallel transceiver. °Clock recovery circuitry. °Transceivers for multiple standards: Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, etc. °Programmable decoding features. °Interface to FPGA fabric.

36. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Virtex II Pro CPUs °Up to 4 PowerPC 405s per chip: 5 stage pipe, static branch prediction, etc. °Separate instruction, data caches. °MMU. °Timers. °Scan-based debug support.

37. Lecture 11: FPGA-Based System Design October 18, 2004 Summary °Understanding design styles is important for FPGA based design Synchronous design forms an important role °Various interfaces allow FPGAs to communicate with the outside world Bus timing forms a key component °State machine interaction allows for complex testing and debugging Verification plays an important role in FPGA test Both logic and delay testing have roles