1. September 12, 2012

2. 1. 1 st unsuccessful attempt at a national government 2. Confederation- states had more power than the federal gov’t (taxes, tariffs, printing money) 3. Unicameral (1 house)- 1 vote per state, no pres, no fed courts, no power to tax or regulate commerce 4. Shay’s Rebellion- indebted farmers starting attacking court houses so they wouldn’t be foreclosed Fear of mob rule-demand for stronger federal gov’t

3. Areas of Agreement: 1. Replace Articles of Confed 2. Stronger national gov’t that could control commerce- economic inequality is the #1 source of factions (remember this term later) 3. Establish a republican form of gov’t 4. Gov’t must have consent of the governed (Locke) 5. Aim of gov’t- protect property (Locke), really meaning wealth 6. Cynical view of human nature- men want POWER, so must protect minority rights 7. Pluralism- balanced gov’t where no single political interest (factions) dominated 8. Establish a limited gov’t- constitution

4. 1. Representation among the states Virginia Plan- rep based on population, favored large states N.J. plan- equal rep for all states (Art of Confed), favors small states Connecticut compromise- bicameral (2 houses) with House of Rep. popularly elected (based on pop) and Senate (equal rep- 2 for all) 2. Representation of Slaves North- count for taxes, not representation South- wanted opposite 3/5 Compromise- for both purposes

5. 3. Election of President Life vs annual election- compromise 4 year term Method of election- by Congress? State legislature? Direct election? Compromise- Electoral College 4. Qualifications to Vote Universal manhood suffrage vs property qualifications Compromise: leave it up to states (vote in state elections=right to vote in national elections)

6. 1. Federalists Property owners, creditors, merchants, urban Views- feared mob rule, a strong central government, and believed elite were most fit to govern Warned against “factions” aka interest groups, either majority/minority group that does not consider the national interest (as a whole) Checks/balances, separation of powers, and limited gov’t limit factions- prevent mob rule, hijacking the gov’t, violating the rights of the minority Leaders: Madison, Washington, Hamilton, Jay Wrote the Federalist Papers to rally support for the Constitution

7. 2. Anti-Federalists Small farmers, frontiersmen, debtors, small shopkeepers Views: feared a strong central gov’t (favored more power to state gov’ts instead), distrusted elite rule Criticized the delegates for only representing the interests of the elite Some of the concerns were settled with the compromise of adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution Leaders: Patrick Henry, George Mason

8. Needed to be ratified by 9 of 13 states Conventions in states (cleverly bypassed state legislatures) Rhode Island (fear of strong central gov’t, nationalized currency) and North Carolina Ratified Sept 13, 1789

9. You will write a 400-500 word summary of both Federalist 10 and 51. Suggestion- Skim and then re-read for depth. Remember to look for: factions, checks and balances, separation of powers, republic vs democracy, limited government Pick out the most important ideas. Summarize it in your words. This assignment is due Thursday at the beginning of class. This is your homework today and tomorrow. Reminder- Vocab Test Monday.

11. Defined- the power of courts to strike down laws or gov’t actions Not explicitly in Constitution- vague on the judicial branch Implied from Supremacy Clause (Constitution is supreme law of the land) and Article III “The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution” Marbury v Madison (1803)- established judicial review John Adams tried to pack the courts before leaving office Marbury’s commission didn’t go through before T.J. took over- sued for his jobs Supreme Court ruled that they have the power to review laws and acts of the other branches- separation of powers

12. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act- passed March 2010 Most parts come into effect in 2014 Ends pre-existing conditions and maximum coverage restrictions Individual mandate- requires everyone not on an insurance plan (ex: company policies, Medicare) to buy health insurance Health insurance exchanges- state insurance marketplaces Medicaid expanded Some states are challenging these policies- working its way through the court systems. Will it lower costs or will it just increase our national debt?

14. Remember, the founders wanted a republic that represented the elite Bill of Rights- guarantees minority rights 13 th Amendment- abolished slavery 14 th Amendment- due process and equal protection 15 th - right to vote can’t be denied b/c of race Voting Rights Act of 1965- ended property requirements to vote 17 th - direct elections of Senators 19 th - women’s suffrage 24 th - poll taxes abolished 26 th - 18 year old suffrage