1. Africa and the Middle East 12.2 notes

2. Africa Increased colonial control. European countries saw colonies as a way out of debt Farms converted to cash crops, less food=famine Forced to carry ID cards, restricted where Africans could live and travel

3. Resistance inspired by Wilson’s idea of self-determination and Lenin’s Communist writings Some protests, but few revolts Protestors jailed or in “Women’s War” shot at South Africa sets up segregation system called apartheid (“apartness”) Took away rights, jobs & land. Forced on to reserves African National Congress (ANC) formed to resist/protest

4. Pan-Africanism- emphasized unity of all Africans around the world –Marcus Garvey(Jamaica)- “Africa for Africans” Negritude movement- pride in African roots. Mostly French speaking writers in West Africa and Caribbean Egypt does gain independence, but British troops stay to protect Suez Canal interests.

5. Turkey Mustafa Kemal- resists Western control, overthrows sultan and makes Turkey a republic. Nicknamed “Ataturk” or Father of the Turks –Modernized and reformed Turkey, made it a secular state –Changed many Muslim traditional ways in favor of Western laws, dress, calendar, alphabet & schooling –Expanded industry –Not popular with religious Muslims, but others love him for the reforms

6. Arab Nations Pan-Arabism- similar to Pan-Africanism, pride in Arabs world-wide Felt betrayed at Paris Peace Conference Palestine becomes center of conflict Zionists want Jewish state in ancestral homeland (had been moving to the area since the Dryfus Affair in France) Arabs had believed they were promised the whole area as an Arab state for their help against the Ottoman Empire in the War.

8. Iran Reza Khan- similar ideas to Attaturk. Westernize or be taken over by the West. Modernized country on Western ideas Overthrows Shaw who had ruled Iran Takes back oil production from Russia and Britain