1. IGCSE®/O Level Economics
4.3 The growth of firms

2. The size of firms
It is useful to group firms together according to whether they are large enterprises or small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
The size of firms can be measured in different ways. They provide useful clues about the reasons why some firms grow into very large organizations while others remain small.
Wal-Mart Stores
Multinational serving global market
Workforce: 2.1 million employees
Capital employed: $170 billion
Annual revenue: $405 billion
Nyeko Plumbing
Sole trader serving local households
Workforce: 1 owner/employee
Capital employed: $5,250
Annual revenue: $23,700

3. But which is the largest?

4. Measuring the size of firms
There are a number of ways to measure and compare the size of firms:
SIZE OF WORKFORCE But some large firms are capital intensive and employ relatively few workers.
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION Larger firms are divided up into different departments each specializing in a particular function, such as purchasing, sales and marketing, finance and production. In smaller firms, the owners and employees all tend to carry out all these functions.
CAPITAL EMPLOYED This is the amount of money invested in productive assets that generate revenue. The more capital a firm can invest in productive assets, the more it can produce. But production by some large firms is labour intensive.
MARKET SHARE Large firms may dominate sales in the markets they supply. But not all markets are large. Firms serving small or niche markets will tend to remain small.

5. How firms grow
Internal growth or organic growth is when a firm expands its scale of production through the purchase of additional equipment and increasing the size of its premises
This will increase its fixed costs
External growth is when two or more firms join together to form a larger enterprise
This is known as integration
Integration involves the merger of two or more firms or the takeover of one company by another

6. Growth through merger or takeover
Horizontal integration occurs between firms engaged in the production of the same type of good or service
Vertical integration occurs between firms at different stages of production
Lateral integration occurs between firms in different industries in the same stage or different stages of production

7. What are economies of scale?
They are cost savings from increasing the scale of production in a firm or industry
Internal economies of scale
Increasing the size of a firm provides an opportunity to change the way it is organized, run and financed to reduce the average or unit cost of production
External economies of scale
These are cost savings enjoyed by firms in large industries compared to firms in smaller industries

8. Internal economies of scale
PURCHASING ECONOMIES e.g. discounts for bulk purchases
MARKETING ECONOMIES e.g. mass advertising; own distribution network
FINANCIAL ECONOMIES e.g. ability to borrow more at lower interest rates
TECHNICAL ECONOMIES e.g. ability to afford and employ advanced equipment
RISK-BEARING ECONOMIES e.g. offering a range of different products

9. External economies of scale
These are cost savings enjoyed by firms in a large industry
These may be:
Access to a skilled workforce because firms can recruit workers trained by other firms in their industry
Ancillary firms that develop and locate nearby large firms in other industries to provide them with the specialized equipment and business services they need
Joint marketing benefits: for example, new firms locating near to others in the same industry may share their reputation for producing high-quality products
Shared infrastructure: for example, the growth of an industry may persuade firms in other industries to invest in new infrastructure such as power stations, dock facilities and airports to meet increasing demand for these services

10. Can firms grow too large?
Firms can experience problems if they expand scale too much and too quickly
Falling productivity and rising average costs result from diseconomies of scale
A large firm may run out of supplies of parts and materials
A large firm may have to raise wages to attract sufficient numbers of workers
A large firm may find it difficult to attract new customers
A large firm may suffer more industrial disputes because production lines are automated and work tasks are uninteresting
A large firm may suffer from internal communication and coordination problems, especially if it has many locations, many managers and many different activities

11. Returns to scale Increasing returns to scale Constant returns to scale
Decreasing returns to scale
A firm doubles all its inputs
Output more than doubles
Therefore, cost per unit falls
Output doubles
Cost per unit is unchanged
Output fails to double
Cost per unit rises

12. Why do some firms remain small?
It may be because the market is a small, local or specialized niche market
A small firm may be unable to raise enough capital to expand
New technology may have reduced the scale of production needed in some sectors
The owner may prefer keep the business small
Smaller firms can often provide more personalized goods and services than many larger firms