2. Goal and Scope

3. Project Conduct Life Cycle Assessments of 13 buildings at UBC Residences and Faculty Buildings Total of 25% of floor space at UBC

4. Outputs Create a materials inventory for each building or complex Estimate environmental impacts

5. Outcomes Generate baseline data on estimated environmental impacts Use baseline as a reference for future performance upgrades Outline approach for conducting an LCA

6. Intended Audience UBC Policy Makers Use study to help create effective policies and frameworks Others Interested in LCA –Developers –Architects –Engineers –Municipalities –Institutions Use study as a model for how to conduct an LCA

7. Scope Physical –Structural –Envelope –Operating energy Temporal –“cradle to gate” assessment Assessments are on a per square foot basis

8. Tools OnCenter OnScreen TakeOff v 3.6.2.25 Athena Environmental Impact Estimatorv 4.0.51

9. Impact Assessment EIE compiles an inventory of inputs and outputs for each stage of building life based on takeoff data and database references Uses US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) v 2.2

10. Summary Measures  Global warming potential  Acidification potential  Eutrophication potential  Ozone depletion potential  Photochemical smog potential  Human health respiratory effects potential  Weighted raw resource use  Primary energy consumption

11. Further Analysis Sensitivity –Understand how changes in material volumes affects changes in overall impacts Energy Modeling –Model building energy losses through exterior –Investigate how envelope upgrades could reduce energy loss

12. OnScreen (Jessica)

13. Athena Impact Estimator Software program takes building materials inputs Outputs environmental impacts based on LCI database and TRACI categories Helpful during design phase or post-construction assessments –Type and magnitude of potential environmental effects –Help to make decisions based on tradeoffs

14. Inputs Name, location, area, life expectancy Material assemblies –Foundation –Walls & openings –Beams and columns –Roofs –Floors –Extra basic materials (XBM)

15. Behind the Scenes Takes inputs to generate materials’ inventory for the building (bill of materials) Material assemblies then reference the Athena LCI database Calculates absolute values and TRACI impacts

16. Outputs IE generates summary reports –Bill of materials Absolute values –Energy –Air emissions –Water emissions –Land emissions –Resource use

17. Outputs Summary measures (TRACI impact categories) –Primary energy consumption (embodied energy) –Weighted raw resource use –Global warming potential –Acidification potential –Human health respiratory effects potential –Aquatic eutrophication potential –Ozone depletion potential –Photochemical smog potential By life cycle stage or assembly groups –Manufacturing –Construction –Maintenance –End-of-life –Operating energy

18. Methods (Jack)

19. Summary Measures What is a summary measure

20. Primary Energy Consumption All forms of energy, direct and indirect, that used to process the raw materials into the building product and transport it. Measured in mega- joules (MJ) GrapGraph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study hs

21. Acidification Potential Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study Acidification is a predominately regional impact that can affect human health when NO X or SO 2 reach high concentrations Expressed as a hydrogen ion equivalency based on mass balance calculations

22. Global Warming Potential The CO 2 equivalence for other greenhouse gases is a ratio of the heat trapping potential to CO 2, affected by a time horizon as different compounds have different reactivity in the atmosphere. The time horizon used in the Impact Estimator is one hundred years based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Other greenhouses gases taken into account by the software include CH 4 and N 2 O. The sources of greenhouse gas modeled include combustion for energy as well as processing of some raw resources such as in the production of concrete Expressed in terms of CO 2 equivalence by weight Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study

23. Human Health Respiratory Effect Potential Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study Particulates, especially from diesel fuel combustion, can have a dramatic affect on human health due to respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and acute pulmonary disease The Impact Estimator uses TRACI’s "Human Health Particulates from Mobile Sources" characterization factor to account for the mobility of particles of different sizes, thus equivocated them to a single size: PM 2.5

24. Ozone Depletion Potential Expressed in mass equivalence of CFC- 11, based on their relative capacity to damage ozone in the stratosphere Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study

25. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (Smog) Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study takes place under certain climate conditions when air emissions are trapped at ground level and are exposed to sunlight. The effect is actually a result of the interaction of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides expressed in terms of mass of ethylene equivalence

26. Eutrophication Potential When nutrients previously absence in an aquatic environment are introduced, photosynthetic plant life proliferate, potentially choked out other aquatic life and/or producing other effects such as foul orders. Expressed in terms of mass equivalence of nitrogen Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study

27. Weighted Resource Use Graph of Overall Buildings Graph of per sq.ft average Average of UBC Buildings Average of other study Raw resource use is the most challenging environmental impact to equate to a single, numerical scale. Not only does each resource have different affects, but the carrying capacity of the environmental from which it was taken also plays a major role in terms of the scope of impact. Subjective weighting was developed in consultation with resource extraction and environmental experts from across Canada for the use of this software. These weighted factors were combined into a set of resource- specific index numbers that are applied to the weight of resources in the Impact Estimators bill of materials. The results are expressed what can be thought of as “ecologically weighted kilograms” that represent relative levels of environmental impact based on expert opinion.

28. Results Wood ConstConc Const

29. Residences (same as previous slide) Wood and concrete trends Who has most steel? Discussed bldgs: Geography, fairview, thunderbird

30. Differences Between Residential and Academic Buildings Why the inconsistency between energy/resource use and other measures?

31. Differences between residential and academic buildings Primary energy and resources use greater for residential due to partitioning, ceiling heights, The subject impact categories greater in academic due to the nature of the building function.. Many more acoustic blocks (sheathings, insulations) items containing higher VOC’s etc More use of steel? More curtain walls in academic? Load bearing in res. Ratio’s office space, lab space, lecture theaters Discuss potential of other functional units eg. CF approach, occupant approach, Difference in fenestration among the two types?

32. Brief bldg review Sensitivity analysis, which materials=most signif Diff betw wood and conc Different ideas for modelling Methods of modelling bldg groups Diff in comparison among occupancies (ciel heights etc) Academic GeographyHenningsBuchananHRMacMillanCEMEFSCAERLAverage Impact CategoryUnits192519451958,19601967197619982004 Primary Energy ConsumptionMJ76.27143.08208.21481.71236.82387.30362.90270.90 Weighted Resource Usekg35.12123.94149.88294.62120.27270.84144.03162.67 Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq / kg)3.8713.0719.4642.7218.3829.8328.6022.27 Acidification Potential(moles of H+ eq / kg)1.454.536.4313.855.317.609.066.89 HH Respiratory Effects Potential(kg PM2.5 eq / kg)0.010.050.060.110.040.070.100.06 Eutrophication Potential(kg N eq / kg)0.00 Ozone Depletion Potential(kg CFC-11 eq / kg)0.00 Smog Potential(kg NOx eq / kg)0.010.070.100.190.090.110.120.10

33. Functional Units (Laurent) Different Ways of Looking at Results

34. Sensitivity Analysis What is it? Process used in CIVL 498C Sensitivity Analysis The results Importance for future design and renovation

35. What is Sensitivity Analysis? Evaluation of materials or processes to determine influence of specific components on overall system Applications

36. Process used in our Analysis 5 most prevalent materials 10% variation in quantity Effects?

37. Significant Results Detail a couple buildings that had interesting results

38. Importance to future design and renovation Guides decisions in design phase Easily pinpoint materials/assemblies significantly impacting performance Quantitative/objective analysis Combine with other tools for deeper analysis

39. Energy Analysis The energy model was defined as: EMBODIED ENERGY + OPERATIONAL ENERGY

40. Evaluation of Embodied Energy R-Value (ft 2 *deg F*hr/BTU) Area (ft2)'Original' Building 'Improved' Building Exterior Wall173006.2820 Window88000.913.45 Roof395000.4540 Weighted Average 656002.0529.30 Thermal Resistance Values for the Original and Improved Building Modelled Building with insulation at REAP standards Compared R-values of: - Exterior Walls - Roofs - Windows

41. Not Taken into Account Economic Analysis Feasibility of Installation Maintenance Cycles

42. The Hennings Building Cumulative Energy Usage Vs Time

43. Percent Change in R-Value vs Payback Period

44. Further Analysis This is a sample of the energy analysis that can be done by using LCA methods This can be used as the backbone of further energy analysis

45. Where Can We Go? Manufacturing Construction Basic Materials

46. Where Can We Go? Manufacturing Construction Maintenance End-of-Life Operating Energy Basic Materials

47. Where Can We Go? Manufacturing Construction Maintenance End-of-Life Operating Energy Basic Materials Finishing Materials Furniture Electronics Professors

48. Where Can We Go? Manufacturing Construction Maintenance End-of-Life Operating Energy Basic Materials Finishing Materials Furniture Electronics Professors Bring up to Date (renovations) Keep Updated (do yearly)

49. Where Can We Go? Manufacturing Construction Maintenance End-of-Life Operating Energy Basic Materials Finishing Materials Furniture Electronics Professors Other Buildings Roads Walkways Monuments Turf Fields Bring up to Date (renovations) Keep Updated (do yearly)

50. Recommendations for Future Applications (Trevor)