1. CELLS CELLS

2. CELL THEORY Living things are composed of cells (multicellular organisms) Cells are the smallest unit of life (single celled organisms – all life functions) Cells come from pre-existing cells (binary fission & mitosis)

3. RELATIVE SIZES Molecules: 1nm Membranes: 10nm Viruses: 100nm Prokaryotic cells range in size from 1µm - 10µm Organelles: up to 10µm Eukaryotic cells: 10µm - 100µm

4. Separation Techniques

5. Lack organized nucleus & membrane enclosed organelles Nucleoid region – concentration of DNA Single, circular chromosome Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 70s ribosomes Cell wall & capsule Pili and flagella

8. Plasma membrane: present in all cells, phospholipid bilayer, semipermeable, barrier, regulator

9. Typical Animal Cell

10. Typical Plant Cell

11. NUCLEUS Eukaryotic cells only Envelope – two membranes, pores, lamina Chromatin - threadlike Chromosomes – visible during division Nucleolus – makes ribosomes

12. Ribosomes: protein synthesis 2 subunits made of RNA and protein (80S) free (intracellular); attached (extracellular)

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough: Ribosomes Secretory proteins, vesicles Membrane factory Smooth No ribosomes Synthesis – lipids (steroids, phospholipids) Metabolism – carbohydrates Detoxification – liver cells Muscle cells – pumping Ca ions into cisternal space

14. Golgi apparatus: stacks of flattened sacs Manufacturing, warehousing, modifying, sorting, shipping Extensive in secretory cells, near E.R. Processes lysosomes

15. LYSOSOMES - digestive Suicide sacs Double membrane, hydrolytic enzymes, autophagy, development Made by Golgi apparatus WBC – phagocytosis Pompe’s disease – accumulation of glycogen Tay Sachs disease – accumulation of lipids

19. VACUOLES Larger than vesicles Storage, transport, waste disposal Central – plants, growth, tonoplast, cell sap, pigments, poison Contractile – fresh water protists

20. Endomembrane System  Partitions the cytoplasm, metabolism  Physical continuity or vesicles  Components :  Nuclear envelope  Endoplasmic reticulum (rough, smooth)  Golgi apparatus  Lysosomes  Plasma membrane  Various vacuoles

22. Mitochondrion  Power house – ATP production  Cellular respiration – Krebs cycle, ETC  DNA & ribosomes  Double membrane: outer smooth, inner folds  Inner membrane: cristae ( ↑ surface area)  2 compartments – inner membrane space & matrix (enclosed by inner membrane)

24. Chloroplasts  Green plant cells, contain chlorophyll, photosynthesis  Other plastids – amyloplasts, chromoplasts  Double membrane – thylakoids, grana, stroma  DNA and ribosomes

25. Peroxisome Single membrane Breaks down H 2 O 2 Detoxify alcohol Cooperate w/ mito. & chloroplast

26. CYTOSKELETON  Structural support, motility, regulation  Maintain shape (framework), anchor organelles, mechanical support  Cell location, movement of organelles  Types:  microtubules: centrioles, cilia, flagella  microfilaments: actin & myosin  intermediate fibers: more permanent, lamina, tension bearing

30. Centrioles  Animal cells only  Contain DNA; replicate  Right angles  Triplet microtubules  Cell division

31. Cilia & Flagella  Cell locomotion, 9 + 2 microtubules  Cilia: numerous, short hairs, oars, line trachea  Flagella: 1-2, long, undulating, sperm  Basal body: anchors, triplet microtubules  Movement comes from within structure  One microtubule pair moving along a neighboring pair.

37. Cell Wall  Primary: thin, flexible, outer layer  Secondary: thick, several layers, durable, inner layer  Middle lamella: sticky, pectin, glues cells together  Plasmodesmata: channels through cell walls, continuous cytoplasm

38. Extracellular Matrix

39. Intercellular Junctions  Plasmodesmata: plants  Tight junctions: fused, prevent leakage, epithelium  Desmosomes: anchor, fasten cells into strong sheets  Gap junctions: communication, cytoplasmic channels, muscles, embryonic development