2. An alliance among the city-states Milan, Naples, Florence

4. MILANO Ludovico Sforza Sforza Castle

5. NAPLES Also known as “The Kingdom,” Naples was the only city-state with a king They had close ties to the papal states

6. The Papal States The Pope was both political and spiritual leader Popes are elected for life by a group of Cardinals 1309-1377 – “Babylonian Captivity” – Popes lived in Avignon, France

7. FLORENCE The Duomo

8. Leaders of Florence – The Medicis Lorenzo de Medici (d. 1492) COSIMO de MEDICI – seized control 1434 THE MEDICI WERE DRIVEN OUT OF POWER IN 1494

9. Girolamo Savonarola He’s executed May 1498

10. Niccolo Machiavelli

11. VENICE

13. King Charles VIII of France invades and takes over Naples Encouraged by Milanese leader’s invitation

14. King Charles VIII of France

15. Ferdinand of Aragon formed this alliance with Venice, the Papal States, and the Habsburg Emperor Maxmilian I They force Charles VIII to retreat

16. King Ferdinand (KNEELING ON LEFT) Emperor Maximilian I

17. This painting, titled “Madonna of the Victory” commemorates the alliance’s win over Charles VIII in 1495

18. French King Louis XII allies himself with Borgia Pope Alexander VI and successfully invades Milan and takes part of Naples The pope’s son Cesare Borgia takes Romagna

19. FRENCH KING LOUIS XII

20. POPE ALEXANDER VI

21. Detail from the fresco "Adoration of the Magi" painted on the walls of the Borgia Apartments in the Vatican. The Virgin and Child, according to common belief, were posed for by Julia Farnese and her baby of which Pope Alexander VI was the acknowledged father.

22. Pope Julius II (a.k.a. The Warrior Pope) forms an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon, Emperor Maximilian, and the Swiss They’re able to force a French retreat

23. (A.K.A. The Warrior Pope)

24. French King Francis I goes on the offensive

25. KING FRANCIS I

26. King Francis I and King Charles I of Spain (Emperor Charles V) renew hostilities in 1521

27. Emperor Charles V

28. 1525 – Battle of Pavia – the French are defeated by Emperor Charles V’s troops and the French king is held for ransom 1527 – Emperor Charles V has Rome sacked 1542-44 and 1556-57 – two more failed French wars 1556 – Spain is the dominant power, France has been defeated

29. BATTLE OF PAVIA - 1525

30. Confusion in Italy Drain on resources The Spread of the Renaissance and decline of the Italian Renaissance Italian city-states were largely dependent on Charles V

31. Why are these wars significant? What can we learn about Italy and Europe at this time? What is the role of religion? How important were the kings involved?