1. Major Generalizations Italy Humanism Interest in Classical World Individualism Why in Italy?

2. The re-definition of the universe leads to a new definition of personal identity. The Classical Period serves as a model for intellectual and cultural development. Italys location and wealthy merchants combine to create the Renaissance. Western Europe follow Italys lead but adaptations.

4. Venice 1.Venice: center of trade and a world power; republic in name but run by an oligarchy of merchant aristocrats. Milan 2. Milan: republic, but run by the despots of the Sforza family. Florence 3. Florence: republic, influenced by the Medici banking family ruling from behind the scenes.

5. Papal States 4. Papal States: under the rule of important noble families, Pope Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia among them. Kingdom of Naples 5. Kingdom of Naples: all of southern Italy; long disputed by Spanish and French *** Fight for power led to competition with each other, preventing unification against potential foreign enemies

6. New definition of man… a view of life that has the individual as it central focus; "to mankind, mankind is holy secularism Focus on this world…secularism Involvement in civic affairs Individual credit for achievement Curiosity about geographic limits Awareness of manners and morals Interest and involvement in rhetoric, science, medicine, math and understanding human nature Virtu "Virtu": quality of being a man, successful demonstration of human powers

7. Dante Boccaccio Petrarch L. Bruni L. Valla Pico D. Mirandola Lorenzo De Medici Machiavelli Castiglione Christine De Pisan