1. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2. Cognitive Development During the First Three Years Chapter Four

3. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. I.Studying Cognitive Development: Four Approaches A.Intelligent Behavior B.Behaviorist Approach: How Infants Learn 1.Types of Learning 2.Infant Memory

4. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. C.Piagetian Approach: Cognitive Stages 1.Sensorimotor Stage 2.Post-Piagetian Research: Strengths of Infant Cognition

5. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. D.Psychometric Approach: Intelligence Tests 1.Intelligence Quotient Tests 2.Testing Infants’ and Toddlers’ Intelligence 3.Improving Infants’ and Toddlers’ Intelligence Test Scores 4.Measuring the Impact of the Home Environment

6. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. E.Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Symbols 1.Habituation 2.Sensory Discrimination 3.Information Processing and Exploratory Competence 4. Caregivers’ Influence

7. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. II.Language Development A.Sequence of Early Language Development 1.Prelinguistic Speech 2.Early Vocalizations 3.Recognizing Language Sounds 4.Gestures 5.First Words 6.Sentences, Grammar, and Syntax

8. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 1.Simplification 2.Underextending Word Meanings 3.Overextending Word Meanings 4.Overregularize Rules B.Characteristics of Early Speech

9. Copyright © 1998 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 1.Nature Versus Nurture: The Historic Debate 2.Genetic and Temperamental Influences 3.Environmental Influences: The Importance of Social Interaction D.Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud C.How Do Children Acquire Facility with Language?