1. Today’s outline  Reading quiz  Reading discussion  Field trip briefing/electrofishing safety  Population dynamics lecture  Break  Mark-recapture lab

2. Reading Quiz

3. 1. What limnological relationship was the motivation for this study? (Hint: NOT trophic cascades) (1pt) 2. If the population of piscivores increases in a lake, what happens to the density of phytoplankton? (2pts) 3. There is a time lag in trophic cascades: why? (2pt)

4. Reading Discussion

5. Nutrients (mg P/L) Lake Productivity

6. Nutrients (P and N) Large zooplankton Invertebrate Planktivore Vertebrate Planktivore

7. How do you interpret this figure? What piece of information does it convey?

8. POPULATION DYNAMICS Zoo 511 Ecology of Fishes

9. Today’s goals  Understand why and how population dynamics are important in fisheries ecology  Gain experience in a variety of mark-recapture methods

10. “A population is a group of fish of the same species that are alive in a defined area at a given time” (Wootton 1990) Population dynamics: changes in the number of individuals in a population or the vital rates of a population over time What are population dynamics?

11. Major role of ecology: understand change

12. Why study population dynamics?  Often most relevant response to ecosystem manipulation/perturbation  Endangered species (population viability analysis, PVA)  Fisheries management (sustainable yield)  Understand ecosystem dynamics and ecological processes

13. Why study population dynamics?  Often most relevant response to ecosystem manipulation/perturbation  Endangered species (population viability analysis, PVA)  Fisheries management (sustainable yield)  Understand ecosystem dynamics and ecological processes PVA: Modeling the probability that a population will go extinct or drop below the minimum viable population size within a given number of years. Atlantic salmon PVA From Legault 2004

14. Why study population dynamics?  Often most relevant response to ecosystem manipulation/perturbation  Endangered species (population viability analysis, PVA)  Fisheries management (sustainable yield)  Understand ecosystem dynamics and ecological processes from Hilborn and Walters 1992

15. Why study population dynamics?  Often most relevant response to ecosystem manipulation/perturbation  Endangered species (population viability analysis, PVA)  Fisheries management (sustainable yield)  Understand ecosystem dynamics and ecological processes When do ecological shifts occur? Are they stable?

16. N t+1 = N t + B – D + I – E  B = births  D = deaths  I = immigration  E = emigration How do populations change? Deaths Population Births Emigration Immigration Stocking Angling

17. Density Dependence Population Density Rate of Change (per capita)

18. Rate of population increase Density independent Density dependent per capita annual increase N

19. Small group exercise Time Population density Time Population density Density-dependentDensity-independent Population starts at low density. What happens to density over time under density-dependent rate of increase? What happens if rate of increase is density- independent? Population starts at low density. What happens to density over time under density-dependent rate of increase? What happens if rate of increase is density- independent?

20. Small group exercise Population starts at low density. What happens to density over time under density-dependent rate of increase? What happens if rate of increase is density- independent? Population starts at low density. What happens to density over time under density-dependent rate of increase? What happens if rate of increase is density- independent? Time Population density Time Population density Density-dependentDensity-independent Logistic Exponential

21. Logistic population growth K= carrying capacity r 0 = maximum rate of increase dN/dt=r 0 N(1-N/K ) per capita annual increase N K r0r0

22. R-selected vs. K-selected r-selectedK-selected Environmentvariable and/or unpredictable constant and/or predictable Lifespanshortlong Growth ratefastslow Fecundityhighlow Natural mortalityhighlow Population dynamicsunstablestable

23. N t+1 = N t + B – D + I – E  B = births  D = deaths  I = immigration  E = emigration How do populations change? Deaths Population Births Emigration Immigration Stocking Angling

24. Survival  Predation  Disease  Prey availability  Competition for food  Harvest “Natural Mortality” Age 1Age 2Age 3 Year 1N 1,1 N 1,2 N 1,3 Year 2N 2,1 N 2,2 N 2,3 Year 3N 3,1 N 3,2 N 3,3 S

25. Survival  Eggs and larvae suffer the largest losses Egg Not Fertile Inviable Eaten Other Larva Viable & Competent Starvation Eaten HATCH Recruit! 2 cohorts each produce 10,000,000 eggs 90.5% survivorship/day yields 24,787 survivors at 60 days 95.1% survivorship/day yields 497,871 survivors at 60 days

26. Recruitment  Can mean many things!  Number of young-of-year (YOY) fish entering population in a year  Number of fish achieving age/size at which they are vulnerable to fishing gear  Somewhat arbitrary, varies among populations  Major goal of fish population dynamics: understanding the relationship between stock size and recruitment

27. What determines recruitment? -Stock size (number and size of females)

28. What determines recruitment? spawning stock biomass (SSB) Ricker Beverton-Holt Density-independent From: Wootton (1998). Ecology of teleost fishes. Recruitment

29. The problem? Stochasticity!

30. From: Cushing (1996). Towards a science of recruitment in fish populations

31. Highly variable recruitment results in naturally very variable catches From: Jennings, Kaiser and Reynolds (2001). Marine Fisheries Ecology

32. Population Abundance  On rare occasions, abundance can be measured directly  Small enclosed systems  Migration

33. Catch per unit effort (CPUE)  Very coarse and very common index of abundance Effort= 4 nets for 12 hours each= 48 net hours Catch= 4 fish CPUE=4/48=0.083 Effort= 4 nets for 12 hours each= 48 net hours Catch=8 fish CPUE=8/48=0.167 We conclude population 2 is 2X larger than population 1 1 2

34. Population abundance  Density estimates (#/area)  Eggs estimated with quadrats  Pelagic larvae sampled with modified plankton nets  Juvenile and adult fish with nets, traps, hook and line, or electrofishing  Density is then used as index of abundance, or multiplied by habitat area to get abundance estimate

35. Depletion methods * * * * N Time (or pass) Closed population Vulnerability constant for each pass Collection efficiency constant Often not simple linear regression

36. Mark recapture M=5 C=4 R=2 N=population size=????

38. Modified Petersen method  Assumptions:  Closed population  Equal catchability in first sample  Marking does NOT influence catchability Marked and unmarked fish mix randomly Mortality rates are equal  Marks are not lost

39. How to avoid violation of assumptions?  Two sampling gears  Distribute marked individuals widely; allow time for mixing  Can be separated into different groups  Length  Sex  Geographic regions

40. How many to mark/recapture?  Requires some knowledge of population size!  Trade-off between precision and sample size  Population of 10,000: Mark 400 and examine 600 for +/- 50% OR mark 1,000 and examine 1,500 for +/- 10%  Trade-off between marked and recapture sample size  Population of 10,000: Mark 1,000 and examine1,500 OR Mark 4,500 and examine 500

41. Schnabel method  Closed population  Equal catchabilty in first sample  Marking does NOT influence catchability  Multiple recaptures  Easier to pick up on violation of assumptions

42. Jolly Seber method  Open populations  Allows estimation of births and deaths  Three or more sampling periods needed  Equal catchability of all individuals in all samples  Equal probability of survival  Marks are not lost  Sampling time is negligible compared to intervals between samples

43. Importance of uncertainty  Confidence intervals  Long-term frequency, not probablity!  95% confidence intervals  if you repeated procedure an infinite number of times, 95% of the time the interval you create would contain the “true” value  Precision vs. accuracy x x x x x x x x x xx xx x x x x x Accurate, not precise Not accurate, preciseAccurate, precise

44. Lets count some beans!