1. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 1 Physics 212 Lecture 21

2. Main Point 1 First, we defined the condition of resonance in a driven series LCR circuit to occur at the frequency w 0 that produces the largest value for the peak current in the circuit. At this frequency, which is also the natural oscillation frequency of the corresponding LC circuit, the inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive reactance so that the total impedance of the circuit is just resistive. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 2

3. Main Point 2 Second, we determined that the average power delivered to the circuit by the generator was equal to the product of the rms values of the emf and the current times the cosine of the phase angle phi. The sharpness of the peak in the frequency dependence of the average power delivered was determined by the Q factor, which was defined in terms of the ratio of the energy stored to the energy dissipated at resonance. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 3

4. Main Point 3 Third, we examined the properties of an ideal transformer and determined that the ratio of the induced emf in the secondary coil to that of the generator was just equal to the ratio of the number of turns in secondary to the number of turns in the primary. We also determined that when a resistive load is connected to the secondary coil, the ratio of the induced current in the primary to that in the secondary is also equal to the ratio of the number of turns in secondary to the number of turns in the primary. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 4

5. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 5 Peak AC Problems “Ohms” Law for each element –NOTE: Good for PEAK values only) –V gen = I max Z –V Resistor = I max R –V inductor = I max X L –V Capacitor = I max X C Typical Problem A generator with peak voltage 15 volts and angular frequency 25 rad/sec is connected in series with an 8 Henry inductor, a 0.4 mF capacitor and a 50 ohm resistor. What is the peak current through the circuit? 07 L R C

6. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 6

7. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 7

8. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 8 Resonance Light-bulb Demo

9. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 9 Resonance R is independent of  X L increases with f is minimum at resonance X C increases with 1/  Resonance: X L = X C 10 Frequency at which voltage across inductor and capacitor cancel 00 Resonance

10. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 10 Off Resonance

11. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 11 Checkpoint 1a Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the resistor in the two circuits A. V I > V II B. V I = V II C. V I < V II

12. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 12 Checkpoint 1b Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the inductor in the two circuits A. V I > V II B. V I = V II C. V I < V II

13. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 13 Checkpoint 1c Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the capacitor in the two circuits A. V I > V II B. V I = V II C. V I < V II

14. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 14 Checkpoint 1d Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. At the resonant frequency, which of the following is true? A. Current leads voltage across the generator B. Current lags voltage across the generator C. Current is in phase with voltage across the generator

15. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 15

16. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 16 Power P = IV instantaneous always true –Difficult for Generator, Inductor and Capacitor because of phase –Resistor I,V are ALWAYS in phase! P = IV = I 2 R Average Power Inductor/Capacitor = 0 Resistor = R = ½ I 2 peak R = I 2 rms R Average Power Generator = Average Power Resistor RMS = Root Mean Square I peak = I rms sqrt(2) L R C

17. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 17 Transformers Application of Faraday’s Law –Changing EMF in Primary creates changing flux –Changing flux, creates EMF in secondary Efficient method to change voltage for AC. –Power Transmission Loss = I 2 R –Power electronics

18. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 18 Follow Up from Last Lecture Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown. V max = 100 V I max = 2 mA V Cmax = 113 V (= 80 sqrt(2)) The current leads generator voltage by 45 o (cos=sin=1/sqrt(2)) L and R are unknown. How should we change  to bring circuit to resonance?CR L V ~ (A) decrease  (B) increase  (C) Not enough info

19. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 19

20. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 20 Current Follow Up Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown. V max = 100 V I max = 2 mA V Cmax = 113 V (= 80 sqrt(2)) The current leads generator voltage by 45 o (cos=sin=1/sqrt(2)) L and R are unknown. What is the maximum current at resonance ( I max (  0 ) )CR L V ~ (A) (B) (C)

21. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 21

22. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 22 Phasor Follow Up Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown. V max = 100 V I max = 2 mA V Cmax = 113 V (= 80 sqrt(2)) The current leads generator voltage by 45 o (cos=sin=1/sqrt(2)) L and R are unknown. What does the phasor diagram look like at t = 0? (assume V = V max sin  t)CR L V ~ (A) (B) (C) (D) VLVL VRVR VCVC V VLVL VRVR VCVC V VLVL VRVR VCVC V VLVL VRVR VCVC V

23. Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 23