1. Chapter 8 Population Change

2. Overview of Chapter 8 Principles of Population Ecology
Factors that Effect Population Size
Reproductive Strategies
Metapopulations
The Human Population
Demographics of Countries
Demographics of United States

3. Principles of Population Ecology
Study of populations and why their numbers change over time
Important for
Endangered species
Invasive species
Population
Group of individuals of same species living in the same geographic area at the same time

4. Population Density Population density
The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume at a given time
Ex: minnows per liter of pond water
Ovals below have same population, and different densities

5. Change in Population Size

6. Change in Population Size

7. Calculating Population Change
Death rate
Growth rate
Emigration rate
r = (b – d) + (i – e)
Birth rate
Immigration rate
Birth (b), Death (d), Immigration (i) and Emigration (e) are calculated per 1000 people

8. Maximum Population Growth
Intrinsic Rate of Growth (Biotic Potential)
Growth rate under ideal conditions
J- Shaped Curve (exponential growth)

9. Environmental Resistance
Environmental limits (resistance)
Prevent indefinite reproduction
Unfavorable food, water, shelter, predation, etc.
Carrying Capacity (K)
Maximum # of individuals an environment can support
Causes leveling off of exponential growth
S-shaped curve of logistic population growth

11. Population Crash
Overshooting carrying capacity can lead to population crash
Abrupt decline in population density

12. Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Dependent Factor
Factor whose effect on population changes as population density changes
Examples:
Predation
Disease
Competition
Sometimes cause Boom-or-Bust Population Cycles

13. Boom-Or-Bust Population Cycles

14. Case Study- Predator Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale
As wolf population increases, moose population decreases (and vice versa)

15. Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Independent Factors
Factors that affect population size, but is not influenced by changes in population density
Examples:
Killing frost
Severe blizzard
Fire

16. Reproductive Strategies
r-selected species
k-selected species
-Small body size
- Early maturity
- Short life span
- Large broods
- Little or no parental care
Probability of long term survival is low
Mosquitoes and Dandelions
Small broods
Long life span
Slow development
Large body size
Late reproduction
Low reproductive rate
Redwood trees and human beings

17. Survivorship

18. Some populations fit two curves
Herring Gulls
Type III &
Type II

19. Metapopulations
A set of local populations among which individuals are distributed in distinct habitat patches across a landscape
Source habitats
Sink habitats

20. Metapopulations

21. Human Population Demography
Science of population structure and growth
Human Population since 1980 is J-shaped curve

22. Population Increase in Mexico

23. Projecting Future Populations
Population is increasing
Growth rate (r) has started to decline
Projections for 2050
Low = 7.7 billion
High = 10.6 billion
Most likely = 9.1 billion

24. Demographics of Countries
Most Populous (millions)
China
India
United States 318
Indonesia 251
Brazil 203
Pakistan 194
Nigeria 177
Bangladesh 158
Russia 144
Japan 127

25. Demographic Stages Pre-industrial Stage Transitional Stage
Birth and death rates high, modest population growth
Transitional Stage
Lowered death rate, rapid population growth
Industrial Stage
Birth rate decline, population growth slow
Post Industrial Stage
Low birth and death rates, population growth very slow

26. Demographic Stages

27. Fertility Changes in Select Countries

28. Highest Fertility Rates - 2013

29. Lowest Fertility Rates - 2013

30. Age Structure Diagrams

31. Worldwide 29% of human population is under age 15
Could cause large increase in birth rates

32. Education of Immigrants into US