1. Antonio E. Puente University of North Carolina Wilmington LOST IN TRANSLATION: IS IT BACK TO FUTURE OR FUTURE TO THE BACK

2. AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements UNCW Neuropsychology Research/Clinical Group UNCW Neuropsychology Research/Clinical Group Universidad de Granada Neuropsychology Universidad de Granada Neuropsychology Moscow State University Neuropsychology Moscow State University Neuropsychology UCLA Cultural Neuropsychology Group UCLA Cultural Neuropsychology Group Alfredo Ardila & Monica Rosselli Alfredo Ardila & Monica Rosselli

3. Any individual with Spanish-speaking background Any individual with Spanish-speaking background – Central and South America, Mexico, and Spain 53 million individuals 53 million individuals 11 million undocumented Hispanic immigrants 11 million undocumented Hispanic immigrants Hispanics are the largest minority group Hispanics are the largest minority group – 17% of the US population Hispanics in the U.S. Source: Pew Research Center, 2009; U.S. Census Bureau, 2014

4. Standards revised every 15 years over the last 50 Standards revised every 15 years over the last 50 Provide criteria for the development and evaluation of tests and testing practices Provide criteria for the development and evaluation of tests and testing practices Sponsored by: Sponsored by: – American Educational Research Association – National Council on Measurement in Education – American Psychological Association (Note: Puente only clinician and only Spanish-speaker on the Committee for the Revision of the Standards of Educational and Psychological Tests) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (2014) Source: AERA, 1999

5. Defining Fairness A test that is fair does not unduly advantage or disadvantage certain examinees because of individual characteristics that are irrelevant to the construct being measured.” (AERA, et al., 2014)

6. Intelligence Testing: Diagnostic Standards “Intellectual functioning is typically measured with individually administered and psychometrically valid, comprehensive, culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound tests of intelligence.” DSM-5 “Intellectual functioning is typically measured with individually administered and psychometrically valid, comprehensive, culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound tests of intelligence.” DSM-5 Accuracy of assessment requires that the assessment “[t]ake into account such factors as the individual’s culture, language, and any physical or other disabilities that may affect the validity of the assessment.” and “[u]se appropriate norms.” AAIDD (11 th ed.) Accuracy of assessment requires that the assessment “[t]ake into account such factors as the individual’s culture, language, and any physical or other disabilities that may affect the validity of the assessment.” and “[u]se appropriate norms.” AAIDD (11 th ed.)

7. NormsNorms “Instruments must be normed for the individual’s sociocultural background and native language.” DSM-5. “Instruments must be normed for the individual’s sociocultural background and native language.” DSM-5. Accuracy of assessment requires that those conducting the assessment “[u]se appropriate norms.” AAIDD (11 th ed.). Accuracy of assessment requires that those conducting the assessment “[u]se appropriate norms.” AAIDD (11 th ed.).

8. Re-Norming & Interpretation of Norms Lizcano v. Texas, 2010 WL 1817772 (CCA) (unreported) (“Whether or not ‘Spanish speakers’ as a group tend to score below ‘Caucasians’ on IQ tests, has little relevance for the proposition that, on the tests administered to him, the appellant's scores were somehow inaccurate due to his particular culture and influences.”). Lizcano v. Texas, 2010 WL 1817772 (CCA) (unreported) (“Whether or not ‘Spanish speakers’ as a group tend to score below ‘Caucasians’ on IQ tests, has little relevance for the proposition that, on the tests administered to him, the appellant's scores were somehow inaccurate due to his particular culture and influences.”). Maldonado v. Thaler, 625 F.3d 229 (5th Cir. 2010) (Assuming without deciding that Denkowski’s upward adjustment of IQ scores for a Spanish-speaking Mexican defendant based on his purported knowledge of Mexican cultural norms was improper) Maldonado v. Thaler, 625 F.3d 229 (5th Cir. 2010) (Assuming without deciding that Denkowski’s upward adjustment of IQ scores for a Spanish-speaking Mexican defendant based on his purported knowledge of Mexican cultural norms was improper)

9. 1.Developed a list of available tests 3,500 psychological tests in print in the U.S. 3,500 psychological tests in print in the U.S. 555 (16%) are in Spanish. 555 (16%) are in Spanish. – 25 – 50 (4%) are used the most 2.Evaluation of the most commonly used tests by using the Standards Only 6/25 tests meet all four criteria Only 6/25 tests meet all four criteria Most did not meet the criteria for the Standards Most did not meet the criteria for the Standards Missing norms Missing norms – Those with norms, may not be accurate Puente, Ojeda & Zink (2015)

10. Phase 1: Results Range of IQs and Indices Range of IQs and Indices – Mexican Narrow Sum of Scale Scores (11 – 209 vs. ≤ 60 – ≥ 188) Narrow Sum of Scale Scores (11 – 209 vs. ≤ 60 – ≥ 188) Narrow IQ & Index Scores (~1 SD) Narrow IQ & Index Scores (~1 SD) – Puerto Rico Identical Sum of Scale Scores Identical Sum of Scale Scores Broader IQ and Index scores Broader IQ and Index scores – Spaniard Identical Sum of Scale Scores Identical Sum of Scale Scores Identical IQ and Index Scores except PSI (54 – 150 vs. 54 – 143) Identical IQ and Index Scores except PSI (54 – 150 vs. 54 – 143) – Comparison Sample: Perceptual Organization Index EnglishMexicanPuerto RicanSpaniard Sum of Scale Scores3 – 57≤ 16 – 1133 – 57 Index Scores50 – 15069 – ≥ 29444 – 15850 – 150

11. Phase 1: Results Average Confidence Interval Ranges: Average Confidence Interval Ranges: VersionVIQPIQFSIQVCIPOIWMIPSI English9.614811.214 17.8 Mexican26.248.837.44120.4508.4 Puerto Rican9.612.4811.2141519 Spaniard101216888.48

12. Phase 2: Results Summary Overestimation of IQ and Index Scores Overestimation of IQ and Index Scores VariableMean English Score Total Point Overestimation MexicanPuerto RicanSpaniard Full Scale IQ88.603.3014.284.70 Verbal IQ89.463.6915.002.83 Performance IQ89.407.2010.89(-0.21) Verbal Comprehension Index90.659.7513.812.37 Perceptual Organization Index92.236.2310.54(-1.98) Working Memory Index86.5812.5215.423.43 Processing Speed Index88.1513.107.273.50

13. Houston: Do We Have a Problem? VI. Knowledge base. Clinical neuropsychologists possess the following knowledge. This core knowledge may be acquired through multiple pathways, not limited to courses, and may come through other documentable didactic methods. 4. Foundations for the practice of clinical neuropsychology Specialized neuropsychological assessment techniques Specialized neuropsychological intervention techniques Research design and analysis in neuropsychology Professional issues and ethics in neuropsychology Practical implications of neuropsychological conditions Source: Arial Narrow 8 pt.

14. Houston: We DO Have a Problem Only comment in the Houston Guidelines: Only comment in the Houston Guidelines: XIII. Diversity in education and training. The specialty of clinical neuropsychology should attempt to actively involve (XIII. Diversity in education and training. The specialty of clinical neuropsychology should attempt to actively involve (enroll, recruit) individuals from diverse backgrounds at all levels of education and training in clinical neuropsychology. ) individuals from diverse backgrounds at all levels of education and training in clinical neuropsychology.

15. Are We Better Off Two Decades Later? Total #/% of Hispanic neuropsychologists Total #/% of Hispanic neuropsychologists Total #/% of board certified neuropsychologists Total #/% of board certified neuropsychologists Total #/% of leaders Total #/% of leaders Total #/% in academic & training positions Total #/% in academic & training positions Total #/% of empirical rather than “aspirational articles Total #/% of empirical rather than “aspirational articles

16. Time to Stop Talking & Start Doing Establishment & stability of HNS Establishment & stability of HNS NAN Translation position paper NAN Translation position paper Some viable translations Some viable translations What is next? What is next?

18. ResourcesResources American Psychological Association American Psychological Association – Ethical Standards for Psychologists – Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests & Assessments – Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists National Academy of Neuropsychology National Academy of Neuropsychology Hispanic Neuropsychological Society Hispanic Neuropsychological Society Available book chapters & articles Available book chapters & articles – www.antonioepuente.com www.antonioepuente.com – www.alfredoardila.wordpress.com www.alfredoardila.wordpress.com