1. PEACEKEEPING: THE EXPEREINCE OF MONUC Keeping Peace in a Tough Neighbourhood: The Challenges Confronting Peacekeepers in Africa DR Martin R. Rupiya Senior Researcher, Institute for Security Studies (ISS) Pretoria

2. AIM Provide a Survey of the Experience of MONUC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - 2000 to 2004

3. Challenges for MONUC Rough Neighbourhood - No Ceasefire - result latent And intense fighting in the Kivus and Ituri provinces No Political Will Amongst main belligerents Factionalism precondition for influence and survival Competing External and Regional interests - Funding - IMF-WB Multi-Country Funding and Disbursement conditions. The Nature of Operations - PKO and Africa

4. Democratic Republic of the Congo

5. SCOPE August 2004 UN Proposals - WHY? September 2003 Enforcement Mandate - Impact? INTERIM EMERGENCY FORCE - EU- Impact? JULY 2003 TO PRESENT MONUC Chap 7 ITURI VERIFICATION MISSION MONUC CHAPTER 6 2000

6. KIKWIT MATADI MBANDAKA KINDUBUKAVU GOMA KISANGANI LUBUMBASHI MBUJI-MAYI KANANGA 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 10 FARDC –Military Regions Force Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo BG Mustapha, Mukiza (MLC) BG Kisempia, Sungilanga Lombe (FAC) BG Mulubi, Bin Muhemedi (FAC) BG Widi, Mbuilu Divioka (RCD-N) BG Kasereka, Sindani (RCD-ML) BG Amisi, Gabriel (RCD-G) BG Alengbia, Nzambe (MLC) BG Nkunda (RCD-G) BG Padiri, Bulenda David (Mayi-Mayi) BG Nabyolwa, Prosper (FAC) BG – Brig Gen

7. DRC SECTOR 1 SECTOR 3 SECTOR 4 KIVU BDE SECTOR 2 SECTOR 6

8. AREAS CONTROLED BY THE BELLIGERENTS GOVERNMENT/ FAC MLCMLC RCD(N) RCD(K-ML) Mbandaka Kisangani Ilebo Beni Bunia Kindu Goma Boende Kalemie Kinshasa Kananga Mbuji-Mayi Kamina RCD (G)

9. 1 ST - Non-active ??? 2 nd - Boende 3 rd - Mbuji Mayi 4 th - Lumbumbashi 5 th - Mbandaka 6 th - Kananga 7 th - Kinshasa 8 th - Matadi 9 th - Kamina 10 th - Bandundu ?? DRC FAC DIVISION HQs 5 xx 3 4 7 8 9 10 2 6 xx

10. RCD(G) BDE HQs Kabinda 1 Pweto Lusambo 10 3 2 7 5 6 4 9 8 DRC 11 12 1 ST - Ikela 2 nd - Lubao-Kamana 3 rd - Kongolo 4 th - Kalemie 5 th - Goma 6 th - Bukavu 7 th - Kisangani 8 th - Kindu 9 th - Uvira 10 th - Lusambo 11 th - Goma 12 th - Goma 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x

11. MLC BDE HQs Kabinda E Pweto Lusambo D B C 1 Gbadolite Waka Imese Basankusu Wenga DRC A - Gemena, Gbadolite, Lisala B - Wenga C - Waka D - Basankusu E - Imese x A x x x x

12. RCD (K/ML) BN HQs Kabinda Pweto Lusambo B 1 Gbadolite Waka Imese Basankusu Wenga DRC ?Bn - Bunia ?Bn - Beni ?Bn - II

13. Punia MAI-MAI AREAS Goma Bukavu Shabunda Kasongo Uvira Baraka Beni Lubero Walikale Port de Kindu Kalima

14. RCD (N) BN HQ Kabinda Pweto Lusambo II 1 Gbadolite Waka Imese Basankusu Wenga DRC ?Bn - Isiro

15. MONUC - New Thinking - Aug 04 a) New Strategy within the Chap 7 b)Increase troop levels to 24 000 - c)Concentrate on Ituri, Kivu and 7 Katanga d)Remove Apartheid in the PKO - Enter 37 Attack Helicopters; Support and Recce Helis; 2 Transport Planes for Rapid-Reaction Force; Intelligence and Satellite deployment e) Budget increase - double current US$700m

16. Chapter 6 UN Mission-JMC-5 537 DDRR Interahamwe Ituri Verification MissionSANDF commitment +/- 1400 all ranks from all services Ceasefire Pretoria and Luanda Security of Kinshasa Formation of New Army

17. DEC 2002 Observe/Monitor/Report Guard UN Activities Riverine Escort Ad Hoc DDRRR MAY 2003 Security in Bunia Neutral Force Security DDRRR by Task Force 1 Observe/Monitor/Report Guard UN Sites/Personnel Riverine Escort Ad Hoc DDR SEP 2003 Security in Ituri (Bde) Neutral Force Security DDRRR by Task Force 1 Observe/Monitor/Report Guard UN Sites/Personnel Riverine Escort Ad Hoc DDR MILITARY TASKS 10,800 9,700 8,700 4,300 4,500 6,200 6,100 4,700 4,400 DECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEP Phase II Phase III MONUC TROOP STRENGTH MONUC in Transition NATURE OF OPERATIONS GUARDING EXTENDING RESPONSIVE FLEXIBILE INFLUENCING STATIC MOBILE CH VI CH VII

18. Mongolia2 2 Morocco138298334 Mozambique2 2 Nepal1731 2251 245 Niger171 1819 Nigeria252 275 Pakistan20 1 0521 092 Paraguay20 Peru5 5 Poland3 3 Portugal 06 Romania261 271 Russian Federation 261 2712 Senegal10174604876 Serbia and Montenegro 66 South Africa 111 4311 442 Spain21 3 Sri Lanka2 2 Sweden4290964 Switzerland 2 2 Tunisia266465497 Turkey 011 Ukraine151 162 United Kingdom 5 5 Uruguay29201 7521 801 Zambia175 22 Total54320310 005 10 751115

19. Conclusions - MONUC Experience On Balance Experience tested full repetoire of UN PKO mechanisms from Chap 6, 7 and 8. DR Congo lacking national political factions to Galvanize process further. Costs of Peacekeeping and Intentions suggest new Mechanisms - Preventative Diplomacy; Integrated International and Regional approach Funding to be targeted effectively.