1. ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

2. Carl Linnaeus 1758 Physician to King of Sweden Binomial Nomenclature named and described all that was known to Europeans Based his system on physical features and biogeography I. TAXONOMY identification and classification

3. - grouped according to physical similarities - physical similarities is a result of genetics - genetics reflects common ancestry HERE’S THE REASONING

4. - phylogenetic tree - shared common ancestor is a link - time is usually present Phylogeny- shows evolutionary relationships

5. - time is usually present

6. Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin PRACTICE EXAMPLE Organism A0 B5 C17 D8 E3 F34

7. Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin PRACTICE EXAMPLE Organism A0 B5 C17 D8 E3 F34

8. Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from biochemistry? A0 B11 C45 D1 E9 F31 G21 H14

9. Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from biochemistry? MAN FUNGI DUCK RABBIT MOTH SNAKE MONKEY TUNA

10. Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from biochemistry? A0MAN B11DUCK C45FUNGI D1MONKEY E9RABBIT F31MOTH G21TUNA H14SNAKE

11. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE related organisms become less similar due to different environmental circumstances. Develop features to suit their habitat MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE organisms may have similar features but are unrelated. This results from being exposed to similar environmental conditions (ex. wombat vs. ground hog )

12. B. WHAT IS A SPECIES? (show powerpoint examples of hybrids) Biological - can interbreed –exceptions zedonk, tiglons, orchids, Ligers, peekapoo Morphological- members look similar to each other (be careful about convergence) cacti and euphorbia frogs species (dif. Behaviors)

13. Wolf/dog hybrid

14. Liger or tiglon

16. Zonkey or zedonk

21. Rat/squirrel hybrid

22. Llamal llama/camel hybrid

23. Wholphin

25. Modern Species definition species- organisms that look similar and can interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring (implies living close together)

26. II. MODERN EVIDENCE (used to create groups) - comparative anatomy - cell structure - Biogeography - development "embryology" - biochemistry - paleontology - DNA

27. III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?) Erosion Mining, digging Uplift

28. III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?) Erosion Mining, digging Uplift

29. 2 IMPORTANT LOCATIONS Edia Cara Hills Australia Burgess Shale (British Columbia) Canada Classifying ancient species

30. EDIA CARA HILLS (Australia) - not much on origins - 630 mybp preserved burrows and few soft bodied animals BURGESS SHALE (Canada) --570 mybp Burgess Shale in southern British Columbia -all phyla represented simultaneously?

31. Ediacara Hills 630 million years ago

32. SOFT BODIES

33. FLATWORMS

36. British Columbia, Canada

37. Burgess Shale 570 million years ago

38. Land Slide ! Covered large region quickly

40. Fossils

43. Today the sea floor is uplifted

44. Why such rapid diversity? unpopulated world with many niches available organics in water provided food for early animals pliable genome (genetic base) many variants are created and survive

45. Where does this occur today? in locations like ???? Extinct volcanoes, islands, thermal vents, Death Valley (oasis)

46. Or… Mass extinctions- opportunities for ADAPATIVE RADIATION Variations already exist in the phyla Burst of rapid evolution of a lineage, resulting in formation of new species in a wide range of habitats

47. The Rate of Evolution Gradualism-(Darwin) small changes accumulate over a long period of time. (Transitional fossils would be expected) Punctuated Equilibrium- (Stephen J. Gould) long periods of uneventful time passes until a catastrophe creates opportunities for new species to flourish. Little change is punctuated by rapid evolution of new species.

54. QUIZ TOPICS Evaluate or create a phylogenetic tree Taxonomic hierarchy Significance of Edia Cara Hills and Burgess Shale