1. Minerals

3. Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral:Definition of a mineral: Naturally occurringNaturally occurring Inorganic solidInorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structureOrdered internal molecular structure Definite chemical compositionDefinite chemical composition Definition of a rock:Definition of a rock: A solid aggregate or mass of minerals Note: a rock may be mono-mineralicA solid aggregate or mass of minerals Note: a rock may be mono-mineralic

4. Composition of minerals Composition of minerals ElementsElements Basic building blocks of mineralsBasic building blocks of minerals Over 100 are known (92 naturally occurring)Over 100 are known (92 naturally occurring) AtomsAtoms Smallest particles of matter that retains all the characteristics of an elementSmallest particles of matter that retains all the characteristics of an element

5. Atomic structure Atomic structure Central region called the nucleusCentral region called the nucleus –Consists of protons (positive charges) and neutrons (neutral charges) ElectronsElectrons –Negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus –Located in discrete energy levels called shells

6. Idealized structure of an atom

8. Halite (NaCl) – Minerals consist of an orderly array of atoms chemically bonded to form a particular crystalline structure

9. Diamond and graphite – polymorphs of carbon

10. Structure of minerals Polymorphs Two or more minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structuresTwo or more minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystalline structures Diamond and graphite are good examples of polymorphsDiamond and graphite are good examples of polymorphs »The transformation of one polymorph to another is called a phase change

11. Physical properties of minerals Crystal FormCrystal Form External expression of the orderly internal arrangement of atomsExternal expression of the orderly internal arrangement of atoms Crystal growth is often interrupted because of competition for space and rapid loss of heat Slow cooling in a melt makes for large EUHEDRAL crystals.Crystal growth is often interrupted because of competition for space and rapid loss of heat Slow cooling in a melt makes for large EUHEDRAL crystals.

12. This garnet is an example of a euhedral garnet.

13. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals LusterLuster Appearance of a mineral in reflected lightAppearance of a mineral in reflected light Two basic categoriesTwo basic categories –Metallic –Nonmetallic Other terms are used to further describe luster such as vitreous, silky, or earthyOther terms are used to further describe luster such as vitreous, silky, or earthy

14. Galena is a lead sulfide that displays metallic luster

15. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals ColorColor Generally an unreliable diagnostic property to use for mineral identificationGenerally an unreliable diagnostic property to use for mineral identification Often highly variable for a given mineral due to slight changes in mineral chemistryOften highly variable for a given mineral due to slight changes in mineral chemistry Exotic colorations of some minerals produce gemstonesExotic colorations of some minerals produce gemstones

16. Quartz (SiO2) exhibits a variety of colors

17. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals StreakStreak Color of a mineral in its powdered formColor of a mineral in its powdered form Helpful in distinguishing different forms of the same mineralHelpful in distinguishing different forms of the same mineral HardnessHardness Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratchingResistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching All minerals are compared to a standard scale called the Moh’s scale of hardnessAll minerals are compared to a standard scale called the Moh’s scale of hardness

19. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals CleavageCleavage Tendency to break along planes of weak bondingTendency to break along planes of weak bonding Produces flat, shiny surfacesProduces flat, shiny surfaces Described by resulting geometric shapesDescribed by resulting geometric shapes –Number of planes –Angles between adjacent planes

20. Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite

21. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals FractureFracture Absence of cleavage when a mineral is brokenAbsence of cleavage when a mineral is broken Specific GravitySpecific Gravity Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of waterRatio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water Average value is approximately 2.7Average value is approximately 2.7

22. Conchoidal fracture

23. Physical properties of minerals Physical properties of minerals Other propertiesOther properties MagnetismMagnetism Reaction to hydrochloric acidReaction to hydrochloric acid MalleabilityMalleability Double refractionDouble refraction TasteTaste SmellSmell ElasticityElasticity

24. Classification of Minerals Nearly 4000 minerals have been identified on EarthNearly 4000 minerals have been identified on Earth Rock-forming mineralsRock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crustCommon minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust Only a few dozen membersOnly a few dozen members Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98% of the continental crustComposed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98% of the continental crust

25. Classification of Minerals Classification of Minerals SilicatesSilicates Most important mineral groupMost important mineral group –Comprise most of the rock-forming minerals –Very abundant due to large amounts of silicon and oxygen in Earth’s crust Basic building block is the silicon- oxygen tetrahedron moleculeBasic building block is the silicon- oxygen tetrahedron molecule –Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion

26. Common Silicate Structures

27. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals OlivineOlivine –High temperature Fe-Mg silicate –Individual tetrahedra linked together by iron and magnesium ions –Forms small, rounded crystals with no cleavage

28. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals Pyroxene GroupPyroxene Group –Single chain structures involving iron and magnesium –Two distinctive cleavages at nearly 90 degrees –Augite is the most common mineral in the pyroxene group

29. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals Amphibole GroupAmphibole Group –Double chain structures involving a variety of ions –Two perfect cleavages exhibiting angles of 124 and 56 degrees (120 deg, 60 deg) –Hornblende is the most common mineral in the amphibole group

30. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals Mica GroupMica Group –Sheet structures that result in one direction of perfect cleavage –Biotite is the common dark colored mica mineral –Muscovite is the common light colored mica mineral

31. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals Feldspar GroupFeldspar Group –Most common mineral group –3-dimensional framework of tetrahedra exhibit two directions of perfect cleavage at 90 degrees –Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) and Plagioclase (sodium and calcium feldspar) are the two most common members

32. Common Silicate mineralsCommon Silicate minerals Clay mineralsClay minerals –Clay is a general term used to describe a variety of complex minerals –Clay minerals all have a sheet or layered structure –Most originate as products of chemical weathering

33. Important non-silicate mineralsImportant non-silicate minerals Several major groups exist includingSeveral major groups exist including –Oxides –Sulfides –Sulfates –Native Elements –Carbonates –Halides –Phosphates

34. Important nonsilicate mineralsImportant nonsilicate minerals CarbonatesCarbonates –Primary constituents in limestone and dolostone –Calcite (calcium carbonate) and Dolomite (calcium- magnesium carbonate) are the two most important carbonate minerals

35. Important nonsilicate mineralsImportant nonsilicate minerals Many nonsilicate minerals have economic valueMany nonsilicate minerals have economic value ExamplesExamples –Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore) –Halite (halide mined for salt) –Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore) –Native Copper (native element mined for copper)

36. Native Copper

37. How else do we look at minerals? Thin-sections -- MicroscopeThin-sections -- Microscope Scanning Electron MicroscopeScanning Electron Microscope X-Ray DiffractionX-Ray Diffraction X-Ray FluorescenceX-Ray Fluorescence Mass SpectrometryMass Spectrometry

38. Thin Section

39. Scanning Electron Microscope

40. X-Ray Diffraction