1. Who Defines Universal Design’s Constituents? Aimi Hamraie Emory University

2. Universal Design Universal Design: Broad inclusion Accessibility-by- design Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Specific disabilities Barrier-removal

3. Seven Principles of UD 1. Equitable use 2. Flexibility in use 3. Simple and intuitive 4. Perceptible information 5. Tolerance for error 6. Low physical effort 7. Size and space for approach and use

4. Universal? Assimilation “Normate” (Garland- Thomson)

5. Universal? Inclusion Flexibility Universal vulnerability

6. Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada

7. Models Social

8. Models Social Medical

9. Models Social Medical Scientific

10. Steven Epstein Inclusion: the politics of difference in medical research (2007)

11. Universal Design research Disability rights movement

12. Universal Design research Disability rights movement Environmental Design Research

13. Environmental Design Research Pre-1970’s: Human- environment systems 1970’s and after: User-centered design

14. From Harry H. Laughlin, The Second International Exhibition of Eugenics (1921) Anthropometry & eugenics

15. Credit: Architectural Graphic Standards, 1941; 1981 Anthropometry & design

16. Credit: Center for Inclusive Design & Environmental Access Anthropometry of disability