1. Chapter 13 Section 3
A Nation
Divided

2. African Americans Move Northward
After the Great Migration, {African Americans still were moving north for economic opportunity} and to avoid discrimination
But racial tension still mounted even in the north
A riot broke out in Chicago after a white man threw rocks at a African American boy in a lake, causing him to drown.
The riot went on for more than a week and most of the violence was committed by white gangs
By 1919 some 25 race riots had taken place in the U.S

3. Insanity in Chicago

4. Aftermath of the Tulsa race riots

5. The Return of the Ku Klux Klan
The KKK was established by a PREACHER named William Joseph Simmons.
{The Ku Klux Klan supported violence against African Americans and other minorities and used violence against those they opposed}
The KKK reached its peak in the mid 1920’s, but quickly declined in the late 1920’s
Reasons for the decline were the booming economy, the KKK’s gain of bad publicity, and they suffered from corruption and scandals at the national level
Nevertheless, the Klan never totally died out

6. Racist, ignorant founder of the KKK & a group of his mindless, coward followers

7. African Americans Defend Their Rights
Faced with violence and discrimination many African Americans took action to defend their rights
{The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was first organized to generate support for anti-lynching legislation}
It also put pressure on law enforcement to investigate violence against African Americans
The NAACP’s program generated much support but had limited success.
In 1921a representative from Missouri sponsored an anti-lynching law that passed in the house but lost in the senate.

8. African American Unionization
Other African Americans were working on getting fair and equal treatment in the workplace
Socialist, A. Phillip Randolph founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to achieve the usual for the thousands of African Americans that worked for the Pullman Co.
The Pullman Co. refused to recognize the union ad began hiring Pilipino workers
With the support of the NAACP The union did eventually win its recognition by the Pullman Co. in the 1930’s

9. A. Phillip Randolph (second from left)

10. Black Nationalism
Some African Americans lost hope of ever achieving equality and believed that they needed to form a nation of their own
{The Pan-African movement sought to unite people of African descent worldwide}
Marcus Garvey, leader of the Pan-African movement, supported the cause of black nationalism- aimed to create a new political state for African Americans in Africa
Garvey founded the {Universal Negro Improvement Association whose goal was to encourage black-owned businesses and to promote a black homeland in Africa}

11. Marcus Garvey

12. Immigration Restrictions
The drastic growth and the widespread belief that immigration held racial views and took jobs away from native born Americans, led many citizens to demand federal limits on immigration
{In 1921 Congress passed a law that limited immigration by continent of origin}
Three years later the Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota of immigrants to 2% of the population. The 1924 law excluded all Asian American immigrants

14. Mexican American Migration and American Indian Life
The restrictive legislation of the 1920’s did not affect Mexicans.
{Mexican’s entering the U.S. found plenty of low wage jobs available to them in the Southwest}
Men usually came alone and established themselves then sent for their families
{In the 1920’s American Indian leaders successfully organized to fight efforts to take tribal land}
In 1922 Pueblo tribes fought the Bursum Bill which would legalize non-Indian claims to Pueblo land. As a result of support from a variety of groups the bill failed
In 1924 Congress granted citizenship to all American Indians
Citizenship, however, did not eliminate the poverty that Indians continued to experience

15. Review Questions Why were African Americans moving north?
This Group supported violence against African Americans and other minorities and used violence against those they opposed
Why was the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) first organized
This movement sought to unite people of African descent worldwide
This Associations goal was to encourage black-owned businesses and to promote a black homeland in Africa

16. How Friggin’ cute is that