1. Measurements in Experimetns Subtitle

2. SI Units and Their Uses Scientists communicate their results on an agreed upon system of units called SI units (Systemé International) Only seven base units which each describe one thing (length, mass, time) Base units may be combined to describe some observations through multiplication or division (m/s, g/L) Sometimes, combined base units make new units, like newtons (kgm/s 2 )

8. Accuracy vs Precision When making measurements, one needs to consider accuracy and precision Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value. Precision is how close the measured values are to each other. A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player shooting baskets. – If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to or into the basket. – If the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the same location which may or may not be close to the basket.

9. Examples A lab refrigerator that holds a constant temperature of 38.0F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of: 37.8, 38.3, 38.1, 38.0, 37.6, 38.2, 38.0, 38.0, 37.4, 38.3. This distribution shows no impressive tendency toward a particular value (lack of precision) but each value does come close to the actual temperature (high accuracy).

10. Accuracy can be improved by taking repeat measurements and taking an average. Conversely, precision cannot be improved by taking repeated measurements Accurate readings will likely not reflect the quality of a measuring instrument. – Accuracy is an agreement of a measured value with an expected value. – For example, a stopped clock will be accurate twice in day, but it will not be precise — i.e., able to consistently and accurately keep time throughout the day. In the case of a clock, how precisely it measures time matters a great deal and determines quality.

12. What are Significant Figures? It is impossible to measure anything exactly Measuring tools cause uncertainty, but the more accurate measurements record more decimal points In any measurement, whether it be 2.83 or 2.8275, the furthest right digit is not known with complete certainty. The number of digits shown in a measured value indicates accuracy of the value.