2. Abu Bakr Al- Siddiqi By: Hiba Masfaka, Aqsa Kanwal, Kinzah Fatima, Muhammad Khan, Zafir Kabbani, and Amir Hijawi

3. Abu Bakr:  First Caliph to rule in the Islamic Empire.  Best missionary in Islam after the Prophet (SAW).  He was Caliph for 2 years.  Expanded the least amount of Islam. Ali bin Talib:  Cousin and son in law of the Prophet (SAW).  Caliph for 5 years.  Respected by Sunni’s and Shia’s.  Last Caliph to rule in the Islamic Empire. Umar:  One of the wealthiest and bravest Sahaba at the time.  Conquered Jerusalem and Damascus.  2 nd Caliph to rule over the Islamic Empire.  Accomplishment: Getting the key of Masjid al-Aqsa.

4. 570-571 Prophet Muhammad was born. 570-571 Prophet Muhammad was born. 573 Abu Bakr was born. 573 Abu Bakr was born. 625 The Battle of Uhud took place. 625 The Battle of Uhud took place. 629 The Battle of Khaybar took place. 629 The Battle of Khaybar took place. 630 The Conquest of Makkah took place. 630 The Conquest of Makkah took place. 630 The Battle of Tabuk took place. 630 The Battle of Tabuk took place. 632 Abu Bakr becomes Caliph. 632 Abu Bakr becomes Caliph. 632 Prophet Muhammad died. 632 Prophet Muhammad died. 634 Omar becomes Caliph. 634 Omar becomes Caliph. 634 Abu Bakr died. 634 Abu Bakr died. 644 Othman becomes Caliph. 644 Othman becomes Caliph. 656 Ali becomes Caliph. 656 Ali becomes Caliph. Timeline

5. Events  632 Abu Bakr as a caliph: -He was chosen as the prophet’s successor. - chosen by Ansars and Quraish.  Prophets Muhammad's death: -He was extremely ill. -He was still beautiful even at his last days.  Sickness before death: -He was awfully ill before death. -He felt very tired.

6. Geography Islam expanded all over Europe and Asia  Saudi Arabia  Iran  Iraq  Libya  Egypt  Pakistan  Turkey  Afghanistan All of the Caliphs had spread Islam in some way. The Caliphs spread Islam north, south, east, and west.

7. Artifacts All Caliphs wore turbans. People that wear turbans show others that they are extraordinary people. Islamic Calligraphy was very famous and still is very famous. When people wanted to design their walls with something they would use Islamic calligraphy. When Abu Bakr and all the other companions fought in war each one of them had a sword to protect them selves.

8. Fun Facts 1.Abu Bakr was the first male to be a Muslim 2.He was the closest companion the Prophet (S) and the first to believe him. 3.He died the same age the Prophet (S) did. 4.Accompanied the prophet (s) during his migration. 5.The prophet married Abu Bakr’s daughter Aisha (R). 6.Abu Bakr was the First Muslim leader after the prophets death. 7.He was the first to compile the Quran in one book.

9. Quotes “ Have an earnestness for death and you will have life.” -Abu Bakr “ He who aspires to paradise should learn to deal with people with kindness.” -Abu Bakr “ Do not look down upon any Muslim, for even the most inferior believer is great in the eyes of god.” -Abu Bakr “ Be good to others, that will protect you against evil.” -Abu Bakr

10. Background He was a: Scholar Inventor Mechanical engineer Craftsman Artist Mathematician Astronomer Writer

11. Al-Jazari By: Aqsa Kanwal, Muhammad Khan, and Amir Hijawi

12. General Inventions: Elephant Clock Camshaft Crankshaft Crank-slider mechanism Water-raising machines Saqiya chain pumps Water Supply system Automata Drink-serving waitress Hand-washing automaton with flush mechanism Peacock fountain with automated servants Musical robot band Castle clock Hand washing automaton with flush mechanism Water supply system

13. Specific Invention: Elephant Clock CULTURAL REALATIONS: Indian Elephant Chinese serpents Arabian architecture Greek water technology

14. How does this big thing work?

15. Artifacts Saqiya Chain Pumps Castle Clock Elephant Clock

16. Ibn Al- Haythem By: Hiba Masfaka, Kinzah Fatima, Zafir Kabbani

17. Background Born: 965 CE Basra, Iraq Died: 1040 CE Cairo, Egypt, Fatimid Caliphate Residence: - Basra, Iraq -Cairo, Egypt Fields Physicist, Mathematician, astronomer Aqsa.. I am not done with this slide the info is at school

18. Specific Invention: The Camera The camera obscura is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen Aqsa I will finish the rest at school bc the info is there and I cant find it on google

19. General Inventions

20. Accomplishments

21. Bibliography

22. Credits