1. FINAL NOTES: Decolonization, Globalization, and other issues...

2. Brainstorm What is Decolonization? What factors in the 20 th century might have contributed to decolonization?

3. Nationalism & Decolonization 4 Issues WWII – showed Europeans were not invincible US agreed to end colonialism, and support nationalist movements (as long as they are _________________) USSR agreed to end colonialism, and support nationalist movements (as long as they are _________________) Atlantic Charter 1941 acknowledge peoples rights to choose form of gov’t

4. #1: India Indian National Congress agreed to support British WW2 effort if power shifted to them after war Betrayed!!! Again!!! Quit India Movement began 1942; Britain responded with repression Mohandas Gandhi- use of non-violent protest Finally: August 15, 1947: Indian and Pakistani independence Congress Party led by P.M. Jawaharlal Nehru- sought secularization and modernization

5. Infectious Independence India had been key to British empire Gandhi’s peaceful civil disobedience spread to Africa, US US granted Philippines independence As you know... France retained Vietnam despite resistance from communist forces until 1954

6. #2: Africa  Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana, 1957  Began with commitment to social reform, economic improvement  Political rivals challenged education, industrial policies  Support from Soviets frightened wealthy Westerners  Increasingly dictatorial, repression, focus on African heritage, culture  Toppled by military coup, 1966

7. Algeria Arabs, Berber wanted to expel French from Algeria FLN (National Liberation Front) tried to gain freedom… defeated Conflict with OAS (Organization of the Secret Army) who wanted to stay French ultimate independence by 1962

8. What happened to the “new” Nations?: Neocolonialism  Emerging nations  relied on cash crops, minerals to finance industry  blame problems on neocolonial economy : continuing dominance of industrial nations  Industrial nations demand trade concessions at exit, or in exchange for aid, loans  Internal corruption also prevalent

9. Military Responses  Military has advantages in times of crisis  Training, restoring order, leadership skills  Military regimes were usually conservative and ANTICOMMUNIST, attracted Western support  Also created dictatorships of repression, Uganda, Congo, where few gained wealth

10. #3 Latin American in the 20 th Century Latin America closely resembles 3 rd world status, still intermediate because of politics, society patterns Even after decolonization, Latin America’s struggles emerged due to inability to economically disengage – Led to significant shifts in pendulum from right to left

11. #3 Latin America after WWII Cold War spread new revolutionary ideas (Communism) US responded nervously Most of Latin America controlled by authoritarian “reformers”

12. Radical Options in the 1950s All Latin American revolutions sought to improve economic, social conditions Failure of Democracy and failure of industrial economies led to radical solutions Bolivia, 1952, Mines nationalized, some land redistribution (radical), military gained control in 1964 (conservative reaction) Military leaders- Caudillos

13. South Africa Nationalist Afrikaners- Independent from Britain in 1960 S. African gov controlled by white minority Gold and diamonds= rich and modernized Apartheid- extreme racial segregation into the 1980s!!! – “Homelands” segregated people by “tribal” groups. Gave worst land to black population Whole world aghast!!! Opposed by Bishop Desmond Tutu- Nobel Prize Apartheid opposed by African National Congress (ANC) – Leader Nelson Mandela imprisoned (1964- 1990) – Later became president 1994

14. Crisis in the Middle East After WW2: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon- freedom 1950s-60s- Egypt, Morocco Algeria fought France for Independence- 1954-1962 Turkey- modernized and secular Iran- same until 1979 when pro-Western gov overthrown (ARGO)

15. Israel Zionism- After the Holocaust- 1948 Israeli state established Israel displaced the inhabitants of Palestine (Palestinians) Wars – 1948- Israel wins – Six Day War 1967- Israel wins-takes territory from other ME states PLO- Palestinian Liberation Organization- 1964- lead by Yasser Arafat Intifada- Palestinians in Israel- terrorism Palestinians want their own state

16. Problems Israel outnumbered- the only non-Muslim, extremely pro-USA state in the Middle East Israel has nuclear weapons, allies with USA SAMSON STRATEGY

17. Persian Gulf War 1990 Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait UN orders him out ME unstable USA leads Desert Storm and drives Iraqis out Iraq under sanctions and UN will check for WMDs

18. 2 nd Persian Gulf War UN officials suspect Hussein is hiding WMDs CIA intelligence confirms USA invades but finds no WMDS Iraqi republic established US troops occupy to support new gov

19. Problem Many Arab nations resent so much western involvement – Religious reasons – Nationalistic reasons Iran- nuclear threat Al-Qaeda – Terrorist organization lead by Osama Bin Laden – 1994- World trade Center bombing – 9/11 Attacks

20. What’s Next?

21. Current Issues #1 Globalization – “global village” – Interconnectedness – World Wide Web, Cell tech

22. Globalization cont United Nations- nations working together – Korean War – Desert Storm 2003 Gulf War- USA ignored UN!!! Weakening??? Non-Government Organizations – Volunteers – missionaries – Greenpeace – NOW

23. Pop Culture – Mass Media- Americanization of Culture McDonalds Disney Coca-Cola “Coca-Colonization” US movies, television, consumer products Britain provided many popular music entities, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Adele

24. #2: World Economy A move towards economic:globalization European Union- 2002 most use “Euro” NAFTA- USA, Mexico, Canada OPEC- Org Petroleum Exporting Countries World Trade Organization – 1995- Global economy under one set of rules

25. Economic Expansion Welfare state, European Union growth funded individuals purchasing power, allowing consumer markets to grow Rapid Technological change aided in dramatic income growth, disposable income increased (money not spent on necessities) Average citizens purchased cars, televisions, appliances, vacations Shopping malls, supermarkets symbols of affluent, obvious consumption of goods

26. #3 Overpopulation Asia, India: Steady birth, declining death rates Africa: Increasing birth, declining death Imported food crop Colonial rule ended warfare, established transportation European policy of limiting industry, small gains in productivity reinvested, used to support population Resistance to birth control cultural, seen as Western attempt to control Education problematic: Lack of resources, illiteracy

27. #4: Human Rights Examples: – Communism and Fascism – S. Africa – MLK- USA Civil Rights Movement UN Declaration of Human Rights Women’s Rights – Suffrage in 1920s – WW2- women involvement

28. Western- Women’s Movement New working patterns of women changed family, society structure Women’s pay lagged behind, more education birth control, divorce, child care 50% Divorce rate, rising poverty of women

29. Women’s Rights in the Third World  Limited gains by women; cultural traditions of early marriage, large families, little access to education  Indira Gandhi, Corazon Aquino, as political figures due to connections to men

30. Genocide in the 20 th Century Armenian Genocide- after WWI the Ottomans/Turkey killed 1-1.5 million Armenians and Christian groups Holocaust- 1940s- 16+ million Jews, Gypsies, other groups Rwanda- 500,000 -1 million killed in 100 day period during Rwandan Civil War (1994)

31. #5: Science and Tech Theory of Relativity- Einstein- revolutionized physics-A BOMB DNA- Double Helix Most unexpected: – Where are the flying cars? – Like on Jetsons… – Binary code- computers- internet – Its all about information and communications

32. Final Notes: What’s Next? (Or…. 5 Ways the World Could End…)

33. #1: Asteroid Strike

34. #1: Environmental Problems Energy – mostly oil/coal – Alternatives-wind, water-not researched – Nuclear power!!! – Seen as dangerous- 3 Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986) Pollution- oil spills, radioactive waste Global Warming Trends Kyoto Protocol 1997 – 150 nations attended – USA did not ratify – “nice try”

35. #2: Pandemic Disease lessens – Vaccines (polio, smallpox) – Antibiotics – But… Interconnectedness of the world makes a world pandemic more probable. Not Zombies but … 1918 Spanish Influenza killed abt 20 million SARS Swine flu HIV-AIDS Worse in 3 rd World countries

36. #2 Terrorism See previous notes