2. E ARLY A NTEBELLUM P ERIOD Jefferson's “Revolution of 1800” ushered in an era of dominance by the Democratic- Republicans. During the presidencies of Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, the United States gained significant western lands with the Louisiana Purchase, experienced great nationalism during the War of 1812, and made a significant foreign policy initiative with the Monroe Doctrine. Despite the surge in nationalism, American also experienced growing sectionalism as western expansion and slavery made evident differences between the North and South. The end of this era is marked by a major shift in American politics.

3. J ACKSONIAN D EMOCRACY The Jacksonian era was marked by increased voting rights for common white men, social reform highlighted by the temperance and abolition movements, the re-emergence of the two-party system, and controversy on a variety of issues including states’ rights, the role of the national bank, and the coexistence of Native Americans in the USA. As a result of the American System, the country became connected through a network of roads and canals and regional trade with southern cotton, northern textiles, and western grains. This birth of regional specialization and the development of transportation systems allowed for the growth of a national market economy in the United States.

4. L ATE A NTEBELLUM P ERIOD From 1840 to 1860, the United States experienced a surge in western territorial expansion and increasing sectional tensions between the North and South. Manifest Destiny led to the acquisition of Texas and Oregon and a war with Mexico resulting in new territories in the southwest. As western territories grew in population and new states applied for statehood, sectional tensions grew over issues of regional power in the Senate, the role of the national government and states, and the growth of slavery. Compromises in 1820, 1833, and 1850 worked temporarily, but the emergence of sectional parties (Republicans and Democrats) as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led key Southern states to secede from the Union.

6. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE INCREASE IN SUFFRAGE FROM 1820 TO 1840

7. Causes: Fewer property or tax payer qualifications Westward expansion; No landed elite in the west Shift from republic of “virtuous” leaders to democracy of “common men” Effects: White men eligible to vote rose from 50% to 90% (universal white male suffrage) Parties used new techniques to get common man votes Rise of Jackson, Democrats, Whigs Rise in voter participation

8. CAUSES & EFFECTS OF THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

9. Causes: High tariffs in 1828 & 1832 to promote industry Tariff of Abom. Hurts the South “States’ rights” by John C Calhoun Precedents est in Jefferson’s KY Resolution & Webster;Hayne debate Effects: Jackson’s Force Bill asserted the nat'l gov't over the states Clay’s compromise tariff in 1833 Precedents: Southern threats of secession & use of force by president to preserve unity

10. “ NATIONALISM ” & “ SECTIONALISM ” TRENDS FROM J EFFERSON TO J ACKSON (1800-1840)

11. Nationalism: LA Purchase “Victory” in War of 1812 Monroe & Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine, Adams-Onis, etc Marshall Court American System Market & Transp. Revolutions Indian Removal Sectionalism: Missouri Comp 1820 Nullification Crisis Tariffs States Rights King Cotton Growth of slavery Growth in industry & cities in North Rise of abolitionism

12. CAUSES & EFFECTS OF THE B ANK W AR

13. Causes: BUS & Biddle seen as elitist BUS “caused” panics in the past Constitutional? Jackson’s rivalry with Clay Clay’s desire to renew the BUS charter early as part of his prez campaign bid Effects: Jackson vetoed the re-charter & killed BUS via pet banks Killed Am System Increased power of presidency Criticisms led to formation of Whigs Helped lead to the Panic of 1837

14. CHANGES THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE E ARLY A NTEBELLUM E RA (1800-1840)

15. Westward expansion & new U.S. borders Emergence of King Cotton Commercial overtook subsistence farming Urbanization, Industrialization in North Immigration (Irish, German, Nativism) Common man & growth of democracy Market & Transportation Revolutions Removal of Indians east of Miss River 2 nd Great Awakening & social reforms Increased power of president Elite, virtuous president to common man prez Increasing nationalism & sectionalism 1 party (Dem-Rep) to 2 parties (Dems & Whigs)

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE M ARKET R EVOLUTION

17. Regional economic specialization: Northern industry, urbanization, rise of the factory system (Lowell Mill) Southern cotton & expansion of slavery Western commercial farming American System: tariff, transp, BUS Irish, German immigration for jobs & land New industrial & farm technologies Decline of “putting out” & barter systems Trade, cotton = 60% of U.S. exports & world bought 75% of cotton from USA Economic self-sufficiency for USA

18. 1. E LECTION OF 1824 2. E LECTION OF 1828 3. E LECTION OF 1832 4. E LECTION OF 1836 5. E LECTION OF 1840

19. 1824: “corrupt bargain; 4 way race: JQ Adams, Clay, Jackson, Crawford; Clay named Sec of State; Adams won 1828: 1 st time Democratic Party; Jackson vs Adams, Jackson won, spoils system, Calhoun VP 1832: Jackson vs Clay, Jackson won, BUS was main issue 1836: Van Buren won with Jackson’s support; Whigs ran 3 candidates 1840: 2-party system (Dems & Whigs), Van Buren vs. Harrison, Panic of 1837 was main issue, “Tippecanoe”, 82% voters

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

21. Types of Transportation: Turnpikes, National Road Canals, Erie Canal (1 st major link b/w East & West; importance of NY City) Steamboats allowed 2-way travel Emergence of railroads, esp in North Impact: 90% decrease in transportation costs for western farmers; increased profits Manufactured goods from East to West; Farm goods from West to East Facilitated the market revolution