1. ENCOURAGING INDEPENDENCE IN STUDENTS LORNA FLEMING, ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING, 21 ST OCTOBER 2015

2. ACADEMIC DISCOURSE Independent learning v independent study? Autonomous learning v self-directed learning? Student-initiated learning? ‘The capacity or ability to take charge of one’s learning.’ (Holec, 1979,1981) ‘Independent study is a process, a method and a [philosophy] of education in which a student acquires knowledge by his or her own efforts and develops the ability for inquiry and critical evaluation.’ (Forster, 1972). Transition from school to university studies Cultural differences How can we help students to understand what it means?

3. COMMON STRATEGIES Dialogue: previous experiences, expectations Reflection: discussion, journals Groups: student led, online discussion boards Assessment: formative & summative, group, peer Feeding “back” & feeding “forward” Advanced release of source material Research tasks, seminars Multi-media resources Support services: CAPOD, IELS

4. DEPARTMENTAL PROJECTS Development of 2 sets of assessment criteria: 3 core + a fourth entitled “Task Response” Encouraging understanding & engagement Adaptation of a blended learning platform (Epigeum): focus on 3 broad subject areas (EAS) Development of language, skills & subject knowledge

5. ACTION RESEARCH “Scaffolding”: a specific example in current use at ELT Part of a content-based module: Sociology Core textbook, 3.5 hours teaching per week (Semester 1) Keywords  glossary/list of terminology Preparation for formative assessment: quiz with mixed question types  feedback & discussion Formative assessment: open-book BoB playlist  students’ suggestion of “movie-night” study groups Research task as summative assessment: keywords + diagram + 2 short pieces of writing (1 descriptive, 1 evaluative + selection of secondary sources)

6. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS To what extent is motivation the catalyst towards independence? How can we motivate students to want to be independent? Is “directed independent learning” the key? Resource The Higher Education Academy (12 th March 2015). Effective practice in the design of directed independent learning opportunities. Available at:https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resource/effective-practice- design-directed-independent-learning-opportunitieshttps://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resource/effective-practice- design-directed-independent-learning-opportunities