1. Michael Keating, Wendy Riemens and Caroline Smith

2. Workforce Participation, per cent (various years)

3. Male Employment Participation Ratios

4. Proportion of all employed people in the production and services industries, 1966-2011 Source: ABS Australian Social Trends (Cat. no. 4102.0) and ABS Labour Force Historical Time Series, Australia cat. no. 6204.0.55.001), ABS Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly (cat. no. 6291.0.55.003).

5. Employment by industry, Males and Females, aged 20-74, 2009-10 (%) Source: ABS 4125.0 Gender Indicators, Australia, Jul 2011. Table 3 Employment by industry, 20-74 years, 2009-10.

6. Proportion of all employed people in the blue and white collar occupations, 1966-2011 Source: ABS Australian Social Trends (Cat. no. 4102.0) Dec 2011. Data source: ABS Labour Force Historical Timeseries, Australia (cat. no. 6204.0.55.001), ABS Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly (cat. no. 6291.0.55.003).

7. Employment by occupation, August 1996 and August 2012 Source: ABS (Cat No. 6291.0.55.003) Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly Table 07 Employed Persons by Occupation and Sex

8. Labour force participation and non-school educational qualifications, age 15-64, May 2011

9. Source: Kennedy, S. and Headley, D., 2003:34 Participation rates by age, educational attainment and gender

11. Labour force status by highest level of education attainment, 15-64 year olds, living in households in 2003

12. Attainment of a vocational or higher education qualification, Males and Females Source: 1370.0 - Measures of Australia's Progress, 2010. (Data Source: ABS data available on request, 2009 Survey of Education and Work; ABS data available on request, 1999 Transition from Education to Work Survey.)

13. Male Average Employment-Population Ratios, 1976 and 1991 Source: Gregory, R and Hunter, B, (1995) ‘The macro economy and the growth of ghettos and urban poverty in Australia’, Discussion Paper No. 325, Economics Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University.

14. Highest level of qualification of reference person in household, all households and households in top decile Source: Vu, Quoc Ngu, Harding, Anne and Percival, Richard (2008) A Growing Gap? Trends in Economic Wellbeing at the Top of the Spectrum in Australia, Paper prepared for the 30th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, Portoroz, Slovenia, August 24-30, 2008.

15. Selected full-time unemployment rates by age group and labour force region, August 2012 Source: DEEWR Labour Market Information Portal, from ABS Labour Force Survey. ABS Labour Force Survey estimates at the regional level, particularly for teenage unemployment, are subject to high levels of sampling error, and as such should be used with caution.

16.  Core skill requirements  Foundation skills  Certificate level qualifications

17.  The role of community-based organisations  Training linked to a job  Wrap around supporting services  Collaborative training and employment models  Building Family Opportunities (BFO)