1. Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution

2. “New Men” Emerging entrepreneurial middle class Emerging entrepreneurial middle class Different from any other European group Different from any other European group Self-made men of modest origins Self-made men of modest origins Class built on merit which = money making Class built on merit which = money making “New Men” believed in: “New Men” believed in: 1. Rationalism (lived simply, worked hard) 2. Utilitarianism (useful = just) 3. Laissez-faire capitalism—Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hand”

3. Adam Smith

4. ...every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.

5. New Men (cont.) Encouraged Christian charity and established “friendly” (self-help) organizations Encouraged Christian charity and established “friendly” (self-help) organizations Samuel Smiles writes Character, Thrift, Duty which encouraged people to keep working Samuel Smiles writes Character, Thrift, Duty which encouraged people to keep working

6. “New Men” (cont.) Separate public and private morality develops Separate public and private morality develops Artwork often reflects family at cozy hearth with cold world outside (old rules don’t apply) Artwork often reflects family at cozy hearth with cold world outside (old rules don’t apply) Modern Christmas celebrations develop Modern Christmas celebrations develop Immense wealth generated Immense wealth generated

7. Impact on Workers Factory discipline imposed at work Factory discipline imposed at work Workers hated monotony, long hours Workers hated monotony, long hours City populations quadrupled in 25 years City populations quadrupled in 25 years Appalling conditions: overcrowding, raw sewage, 15-20 live in one room, thick air pollution, women, young children work, low life expectancy, deformities develop Appalling conditions: overcrowding, raw sewage, 15-20 live in one room, thick air pollution, women, young children work, low life expectancy, deformities develop "Whole streets, unpaved and without drains or main sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes in which water constantly stagnates, and are so covered with refuse and excrement as to be impassable from depth of mud and intolerable stench."

9. Testimonials Father Thames..\..\My Music\iTunes\iTunes Music\Unknown Artist\Unknown Album\11 Track 11 12.m4a

10. Dilemma of Freedom Can a free market system regulate itself? Can a free market system regulate itself? Liberals reluctant to put limits on society (as did mercantilism, etc.) Liberals reluctant to put limits on society (as did mercantilism, etc.) Socialism (Karl Marx) will eventually emerge as a systematic challenge to industrial capitalism Socialism (Karl Marx) will eventually emerge as a systematic challenge to industrial capitalism

11. Workhouses