2. Identifying and Addressing Disproportionality within a School-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports Framework 1 Kathryn Roose, M.A., BCBA Jodie Soracco, M.Ed. Ashley Greenwald, M.A., BCBA Kaci Fleetwood, M.Ed., BCBA

3. Outline Disproportionality Addressing Disproportionality Culturally Responsive SWPBIS Strategies 2

4. DISPROPORTIONALITY 3

5. Disproportionality Disproportionality refers to the over or under representation of a group within a category Eighty-five percent of office discipline referrals (ODRs) are given to male students who are 50% of total enrollment (Overrepresentation) Males represent less than 30 % of elementary school teachers, yet are 50% of the U.S. population (Underrepresentation) 4

6. Disproportionality in the News 5

7. Disproportionality Research In 1973 African American students almost twice as likely to be suspended than white peers. By 2006, more than three times more likely (Losen & Skiba, 2010). African American students are 2.19 to 3.78 times as likely to be referred to the office for problem behavior as their white peers(Skiba et al., 2011). African American and Latino students are more likely than their white peers to receive expulsion or out of school suspension as consequences for the same or similar problem behavior (Skiba et al., 2011) 6

8. Disproportionality National suspension rates show that 17%, or 1 out of every 6 black schoolchildren enrolled in K-12, were suspended at least once; and, this is much higher than the risk for Native Americans (1 in 13 or 8%), Latinos (1 in 14 or 7%), Whites (1 in 20 or 5%), or Asian Americans (1 in 50 or 2%). (Losen & Gillespie, 2012) 7

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10. Disproportionality and Disability 9

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12. Disproportionality and SES “When the relationship of SES to disproportionality in discipline has been explored directly, race continues to make a significant contribution to disproportionate disciplinary outcomes independent of SES” (Skiba et al., 2011)

13. Where does this come from? There is no evidence of different base rates of problem behavior (Bradshaw et al., 2010; Losen & Skiba, 2010) Patterns indicate that racial/ethnic bias plays a role (Skiba et al, 2002) 12

14. Objective vs. subjective referral categories White students referred more for: Smoking Vandalism Leaving class/school without permission Obscene Language Source: Center for Evaluation and Education Policy, Indiana University (2008) Black students referred more for: Disrespect Excessive Noise Threats Loitering

15. ADDRESSING DISPROPORTIONALITY 14

16. Addressing Disproportionality Step 1: Identify Disproportionality Step 2: Problem Analysis Step 3: Plan Implementation Step 4: Plan Evaluation 15

17. STEP 1: IDENTIFYING DISPROPORTIONALITY 16

18. Identifying Disproportionality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTcSVQJ 2h8g 17

19. Identifying Disproportionality Select metrics to use –Risk ratios Calculate metrics Compare to goals 18

20. School-wide Information Systems (SWIS) The SWIS Suite is a set of four applications (SWIS, CICO-SWIS, ISIS-SWIS, SAMI) designed to assist schools more effectively and efficiently use information for decision making. The right information given in the right format, at the right time, to the right people enhances the quality of decision making. Teams will ask questions of their data such as… –Do we have a problem? –What is the problem? –Where, when, why, how, and how often are problems occurring?

21. Percent of total referrals an ethnic group has compared to the percent of total school population that ethnic group composes. Referrals by Ethnicity

22. Percent of all students who have referrals who belong to a certain ethnic group compared to the percent of total school population that same ethnic group composes. Students with Referrals by Ethnicity

23. The proportion of a group that is at risk of receiving a referral. Number of students in a group with an ODR divided by total number of students enrolled in the group Referral Risk Index

24. STEP 2: PROBLEM ANALYSIS 23

25. Step 2: Problem Analysis Why is it happening? Systems are not culturally responsive Behavior and discipline definitions are ambiguous Explicit or Implicit Bias –Disproportionality across all settings indicates explicit bias –Disproportionality in specific settings indicates implicit bias Vulnerable Decision Points

26. Explicit vs. Implicit Bias Explicit Bias –Overt, deliberately thought about and acted on –Can be favorable or unfavorable Implicit Bias –Attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner –Can be favorable or unfavorable –Generally not an indication of our beliefs and values 25

27. Vulnerable Decision Points Specific decisions that are more vulnerable to the effects of implicit bias Affected by –Elements of the situation Subjectivity? –Behavior definitions –Major vs. Minor –The person’s decision state 26

28. Vulnerable Decision Points 27

29. STEP 3: PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 28

30. Step 3: Plan Implementation One or more of the following may be targeted: –Inadequate Systems Implement core features of PBIS to establish a foundation of support –School-wide expectations Ambiguous, not culturally relevant Implement culturally-responsive PBIS with input from the students/families –Academic achievement gap –Explicit bias Enact strong anti-discrimination policies that include accountability –Implicit bias Investigate vulnerable decision points

31. STEP 4: PLAN EVALUATION 30

32. Step 4: Plan Evaluation 1. Identify the time periods for evaluating disproportionality data 2. Assess progress and fidelity of solution plan implementation 3. Share results with relevant stakeholders

33. ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN ADDRESSING DISPROPORTIONALITY 32

34. Components of Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Disproportionality 1. Reduce the achievement gap –Relation between academic achievement and problem behavior –Effective instruction Explicit instruction Opportunities to respond Performance feedback Assessments to guide instruction 33 McIntosh, Girvan, Horner, Smolkowski, Sugai, 2014

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36. Components of Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Disproportionality 2. Implement a school-wide behavior framework that is preventive, multi-tiered, and culturally responsive. –Clear, consistent expectations reduce ambiguity –Clear discipline definitions and procedures can reduce ambiguity in discipline decisions decreasing effects of implicit bias –The focus on instructional approaches to discipline, which keeps students in the classroom 35

37. Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports PBIS: Building effective environments that teach and encourage appropriate behaviors to replace the use of inappropriate behavior. School-wide PBIS: The application of PBIS to the whole school. Thus, it is a broad range of systemic and individualized strategies for achieving important social and learning outcomes while preventing problem behavior with all students. It is a school discipline and positive school climate model.

38. 37 Universal instruction and support is provided to all students. At least 80% of students’ needs are met through this level of support. Targeted group support provided to 10-15% of students. Intensive individualized support provided to 3-5% of students. Problem Analysis Plan Evaluation Comprehensive Academics and Behavioral Services Use of the Problem Solving Model Intensity of Services

39. 5 Major Steps for Tier I SWPBIS 1. Clear set of expectations for whole school 2. Procedures for teaching expectations 3. Continuum of procedures for encouraging expectations 4. Continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior 5. Procedures for on-going monitoring and evaluation 38

40. School-wide Systems - Create a positive school culture: School environment is predictable 1. common language 2. common vision (understanding of expectations) 3. common experience (everyone knows) School environment is positive regular recognition for positive behavior School environment is safe violent and disruptive behavior is not tolerated School environment is consistent adults use similar expectations.

41. Six defining features of SWPBIS Source: Sugai, G., Horner, R.H., Algozzine, R., Barrett, S., Lewis, T., Anderson, C.,…Simonsen, B. (2010).

42. Cultural responsiveness Cultural responsiveness recognizes the importance of culture and incorporates cultural elements (e.g., characteristics, experiences, and perspectives) from people who are different than oneself into interpersonal interactions to facilitate more effective relationships. Note: Adapted from “Preparing for Culturally Responsive Teaching,” by G. Gay, 2002, Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), p.p. 106-116.

43. 4 Key Elements 42 Culturally Equitable Academic & Social Behavior Competence Culturally Valid Decision Making Culturally Relevant Evidence-based Interventions Culturally Knowledgeable Staff Behavior

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46. Characteristics of culturally responsive educators Have awareness of how an individual’s cultural background may influence their instructional, or disciplinary practices. Are knowledgeable of their students’ culture. Utilize culturally diverse curriculum content. –Use counter-stereotypical examples Build learning communities that acknowledge student culture. Are skilled cross-cultural communicators (e.g., verbal and non-verbal forms). Can implement culturally diverse forms of instruction. Note: Adapted from “Preparing for Culturally Responsive Teaching,” by G. Gay, 2002, Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), p.p. 106-116.

47. I don’t see skin color. I am completely color blind. For instance, I don’t see that the man next to me is Black. No, sir. I don’t see it.

48. Think, Pair, and Share Think: –About the impact that cultural diversity has had on behavior support strategies in your school Pair: –Share with your partner Share: –With all table members an idea or experience you heard from your partner

49. Illinois CR-SWPBIS Tool PURPOSE: To help ensure that SWPBIS practices and systems have equal impact for all students. ORIGIN: The CR-SWPBIS tool is a self-assessment instrument that was developed based on the research of Sugai, O’Keeffe, and Fallon (2012). The tool is offered free of cost at www.pbisillinois.org under ‘Equity’ resources located on the ‘Curriculum’ tab. www.pbisillinois.org

50. Illinois CR-SWPBIS tool at a glance: Tier 1 Systems

51. Illinois CR-SWPBIS tool at a glance: Tier 1 Systems Rubric

52. Components of Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Disproportionality 3. Collect, use, and report disaggregated student discipline data –SWIS automatically generates reports on disproportionality –Rates may be calculated 51

53. Components of Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Disproportionality 4. Develop policies with accountability for disciplinary equity –Policies should have clear steps to equity, and accountability for taking these steps –Clear, actionable procedures for enhancing equity Removing harmful practices Data collection Professional development 52

54. Different Biases = Different Plans Explicit Bias –Ineffective: cultural sensitivity training, explaining value of diversity, telling people to be less biased Implicit Bias –Ineffective: Top-down policies with accountability 53 (Girvan, 2013; Girvan et al., 2013; Lai et al., 2013; Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006)

55. Addressing Explicit Bias with Policy Specific Commitment to Equity –Mission statements –Hiring preferences –Ongoing professional development –Removal of discriminatory practices Accountability for Efforts –Professional development attendance –Share disproportionality data regularly –Build equity outcomes into evaluations 54

56. Addressing Implicit Bias with Training Reduce ambiguity in ODR definitions and processes –Clear guidelines for classroom vs. office-managed behaviors –Avoid rules that result in disproportionate exclusion Identify specific vulnerable decision points (vulnerable to bias) 55

57. Identifying VDPs Teach staff how to identify VDPs –Use school data –Use national data –Teach them what we already know about VDPs Ambiguity in behavior definitions –Defiance, disrespect, disruption Major vs. Minor Fatigue Hunger 56

58. Components of Interventions to Prevent and Reduce Disproportionality 5. Teach neutralizing routines for vulnerable decision points. –Teach a self-review routine 57

59. Two Systems for Decision Making System 1: Fast Decisions –Automatic, snap judgments –Intuitive, unconscious System 2: Slow Decisions –Deliberate decisions –Allows for conscious attention 58 Kahneman, 2011

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61. Examples of Neutralizing Routines “See me after class” Am I acting in line with my values? Take a deep breath Delay the decision until I can think clearly Recognize my feelings and let them go What else could you do? 60

62. 61 Data…Data…Data

63. Case Study K-8 Urban 62

64. Drill Down - Playground 63

65. Case Study 64

66. Case Study 65

67. Promising Outcomes A discipline gap with African American students over- represented among students with office discipline referrals was present in schools engaged in school- wide positive behavior support implementation as well as schools not engaged in implementation; however, the gap was smaller in schools engaged in school-wide positive behavior support. (Vincent, Swain-Bradway, Tobin, & May, 2011) Research has shown that a reduction in disproportionality is more likely though systems change than by focusing on individual students. (Skiba, Arredondo, & Rausch, 2014) 66

68. www.pbis.org 67

69. Equity and PBIS 68

70. Closing Thoughts Most people carry some type of implicit bias Implicit bias may have a detrimental effect on students Don’t be afraid to talk about race/culture/disproportionality Use data Systemic change is necessary for effective and long-lasting improvements 69

71. It’s Called Respect! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGuT9- _Y5J4 70

72. Thank you!! Kathryn Roose, M.A., BCBA Evaluation and Data Manager kroose@unr.edu www.nevadapbis.org Make sure to “like” us at www.facebook.com/nevadasctp 71

73. Thank You! Thanks to: Funding by the Safe and Healthy Students office & Nevada Department of Education Nevada Center for Excellence in Disabilities Department of Education, UNR 72