1. Diseases & Disorders of the Integumentary System

2. Objective
Explain the different diseases and disorders of the integumentary system, their symptoms, & possible treatment

3. Skin Cancers
There are several types of malignancies of varying severity that affect the skin
Most are associated with prolonged exposure to the harmful radiation in sunlight
Three main types to focus on:
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

4. Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCC is the most frequently occurring form of all cancers
In 2010, an estimated 2.8 million cases of BCC were diagnosed in the US
Usually develops slowly and is unlikely to spread (metastasize)
UV exposure causes the cells at the base of the epidermis to be damage and divide out of control
It begins as a small, smooth, painless lump pink or brownish gray, with a pearly or wax-like border
As is widens it may form a central depression with rolled edges
, Treatments

5. Basal Cell Carcinoma

6. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Due to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays over your lifetime or carcinogens, such as tar & oil chemicals
An estimated 700,000 cases of SCC are diagnosed each year in the US, and between 3,900 and 8,800 people died from the disease in the US in 2012
It begins as a red or red-brown lump with an irregular edge that is hard and painless
It may later weep and become ulcer-like
Treatments

7. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

8. Malignant Melanoma
Melanoma kills an estimated 9,940 people in the US annually
Develops from an existing mole, or a fast growing, dark-colored, asymmetrical spot
Features include: increasing in size, an irregular border, itching, bleeding, and crusting
Cause by damage done to pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) which leads to out of control cell division and spreading throughout the body
Warnings Signs: ABCDE & Ugly Duckling
Treatments

9. ABCDE’s of Melanoma Asymmetry: lack of symmetry
Border: uneven, scalloped or notched
Color: variety of colors
Diameter: larger than the diameter of the eraser on a pencil
Evolving: mole changes in size, shape, color, elevation or any other trait or new symptoms appear

10. The Ugly Duckling Squares A, B, & C represent a body area
In A, the patient has one dominant mole pattern with slight variation in size. The outlier lesion is clearly darker and larger than all other moles
In B, the patient has two predominant nevus patterns. The outlier is small but lacks pigmentation
In C, the patient shows only one lesion. If this lesion is changing, symptomatic, or atypical, it should be removed

11. Rashes
Most rashes are areas of skin inflammation, while others are conditions of the skin itself
Some are localized while others are more widespread
Localized rashes can occur on parts of the body exposed to sunlight, frictions, or an irritant chemical
Some rashes are also inherited

12. Psoriasis
Is a chronic widespread condition that causes skin cells to grow too quickly, resulting in thick, white, silvery, or red patches of skin
Normally, skin cells grow gradually and flake off about every 4 weeks. But in psoriasis, this happens in days
Experts believe that psoriasis occurs when the immune system overreacts, causing inflammation and flaking of skin.
In some cases, psoriasis runs in families
Episodes my be triggered by infections, injury, stress, or as a side effect of medication
There is no cure, but many types of treatment are available, including topical products, phototherapy, and oral medicines

13. Psoriasis

14. Eczema Also known a dermatitis
Is a common skin condition in babies and children, but may flare up during adolescence and adulthood
It is often linked to allergic tendencies such as asthma and perennial, or seasonal, rhinitis (hay fever)
The rash is red, inflamed, and itchy with small fluid-filled blisters or episodes of dry, scaly, thickened and cracked skin
Treated with oral medications, steroid creams and light therapy

15. Eczema

16. Impetigo
Is a blistering of the skin caused by bacterial infection that originates from a cut, cold sore or scratched weeping eczema
Is one of the most common skin infections among kids and usually appears on the face, neck, hands, and diaper area
This contagious skin infection is generally caused by one of two bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus, (causes strep throat)
Treated with antibiotics

17. Impetigo

18. Vitiligo
Is an autoimmune condition, where the body makes antibodies that attack the skin’s melanocytes
It occurs in patchy areas, often symmetrically over the body
In one-third of cases, the pigmentation spontaneously returns
The extent and rate of color loss from vitiligo is unpredictable
No treatments stop the condition, only help restore skin color or even out skin tone
Michael Jackson had it

19. Vitiligo

20. Skin Marks & Blemishes
Marks, swellings, and blemishes on the skin include small, pus-filled spots known as pustules, larger ones called boils and acne, which occur in teenage years
Other marks are enlargements may be caused by a local increase in cell numbers, as in warts and moles
Swellings may also be due to different types of cyst
Some blemishes are caused by external factors, such as pressure and exposure to sunlight, or can result from viral infection

21. Acne
In acne vulgaris, the sebaceous glands produce an excessive amount of sebum
This reacts on contact with air and forms a plug in the skin pore, which may de dark with pigmentation as a blackhead or pale, as a whitehead
A combination of trapped sebum, dead cells, and bacterial infection inflame the area, cause a pustule
Most common in teenagers due to hormone surges at puberty
Treatments include topical ointments & antibiotics, oral medications, and skin therapies such as chemical peels

22. Acne

23. Mole
A mole or nevus is a flat or raised mark that varies in shape, color, and texture
They may be singular or numerous and appear anywhere on the skin
Moles are localized overproduction and aggregation of melanocytes with increased amounts of melanin pigment
Most moles appear in early childhood and during the first 30 years of a person's life
It is normal to have between moles by adulthood.

24. Moles

25. Cyst
Is a harmless, saclike swelling under the skin that contains fluid or semisolid materials
The most common type is a sebaceous cyst or wen that forms in a hair follicle
Common sites include the scalp, face, trunk, and genitals
Treatment may be needed if the cyst becomes enlarged, unsightly, painful or infected
Most cysts do not disappear on their own without treatment.
Some cysts may need to be drained to relieve symptoms. 

26. Sebaceous Cyst

27. Boil
Is a collection of pus inside a hair follicle or a sebaceous gland
Usually caused by a bacterial infection from various types of Staphylococcus
The pus accumulates into a white or yellow head at the boil’s center
A cluster of boils may link to form a carbuncle
The most common places for boils to appear are on the face, neck, armpits, shoulders, and buttocks
When one forms on the eyelid, it is called a sty
Recurrent boils may signify an underlying disorder

28. Boil Continued
These health problems make people more susceptible to boils:
Diabetes
Problems with the immune system
Poor nutrition
Poor hygiene
Exposure to harsh chemicals that irritate the skin
Treatments for boils includes: warm compresses, draining the boil, topical antibiotics, or oral antibiotics

29. Boil

30. Wart
Is a small growth caused by an infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV)
It may flat or raised and may be smooth or rough
The virus invades the skin and cause a localized overgrowth of epidermal cells
Three out of four people will develop a wart (verruca vulgaris) at some time in their lives.
Warts are slightly contagious, and you can spread them to other parts of your body by touching them or shaving around infected areas.
Warts typically disappear on their own with time, but it may take years.
Warts respond variably to a variety of treatment measures.
Over-the-counter treatments for warts include salicylic-acid preparations and freezing kits.

31. Warts Continued
Warts typically disappear on their own with time, but it may take years
Warts respond variably to a variety of treatment measures
Over-the-counter treatments for warts include salicylic-acid preparations and freezing kits

32. Wart

33. Alopecia areata
Is a type of hair loss that occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles
The damage to the follicle is usually not permanent
Experts do not know why the immune system attacks the follicles
Alopecia areata is most common in people younger than 20, but children and adults of any age may be affected
Usually begins when clumps of hair fall out, resulting in totally smooth, round hairless patches on the scalp
The hair loss often comes and goes---hair will grow back over several months in one area but will fall out in another area
Sometimes the hair loss is permanent

34. Alopecia Areata