1. Lecture 19 GIS Project Design and Management + Case Studies

2. Management Responsibilities
Planning
Design
Strategy
Staffing
Standardize
Interoperability
Reuse
Document
Assume personnel loss and turnover
Write formal documents

3. Ten step GIS Planning Methodology Tomlinson, Thinking About GIS
Consider the strategic purpose
Plan for the planning
Conduct a technology seminar
Describe the information products
Define the system scope
Create a data design
Choose a logical model
Determine system requirements
Benefit-cost, migration and risk analysis
Make an implementation plan
Needs Assessment
Concept. Design
Physical Design
Implementation

4. Implementation Process!
Analysis of
Requirements
Specification of
Requirements
Evaluation of
Alternatives
Implementation
of System
1.Definition of
Objectives
2. User
Requirements
3. Preliminary
Design
4. Cost-Benefit
Analysis 5.
Pilot Study 6.
Final Design 8.
Shortlisting
9. Benchmark
Testing
10. Cost-
Effectiveness
Evaluation
11.
Implementation
Plan
12.
Contract
13. Acceptance
Testing
7. Request for
Proposal (RFP)
14.
Implementation
A Fourteen Step
Implementation Process!
(assumes external acquisition)
Source: Longley, et. al. p. 391

5. Project Management Tools
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) chart
GANNT Charts
PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
SWOT analysis
RISK Management Plan
Gantt Charts (Gant Charts) are useful tools for analyzing and planning more complex projects. They:
Help you to plan out the tasks that need to be completed
Give you a basis for scheduling when these tasks will be carried out
Allow you to plan the allocation of resources needed to complete the project, and
Help you to work out the critical path for a project where you must complete it by a particular date.
When a project is under way, Gantt Charts help you to monitor whether the project is on schedule. If it is not, it allows you to pinpoint the remedial action necessary to put it back on schedule.

6. WBS Chart

7. GANNT Chart Step 1. List all activities in the plan
Step 2. Set up your Gantt Chart
Step 3. Plot the tasks onto the graph paper

8. Program Evaluation and Review Technique
PERT Chart
Program Evaluation and Review Technique

9. SWOT Analysis

10. Risk Management Plan Identify the risks Rate the risks
Establish triggers for problems
Identify mitigating actions
Identify the owner of the risk

11. Which level of GIS? Project
Single department application (Departmental GIS)
Multi departmental application
Enterprise system (Enterprise GIS)
Multi Organizational endeavor (Community GIS)

12. Level I: Project Organizational Environment
Expected result is a product, e.g a map or report
Project has an end date and finite project
No long-term support expected & no commitment to ongoing GIS
Little organizational impact
GIS Implementation Approach
One-time effort
Need best tool for the job
Consultant or contractor may do entire thing

13. Level II: Single Department
Organizational Environment
Small Organization or Single Department
Well-defined, existing business function to be supported
Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GIS
Little or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS workstation
Managed by departmental responsible for business activity
GIS Implementation Approach
PC or standalone workstation
maybe CAD focused
Little or no integration with attribute databases
Little sharing of information within or beyond department

14. Level III: Multi-Department
Organizational Environment
Mid-size to large organization, more than one department
More significant commitment of staff and budget to GIS
Ongoing support and update strategies
Some organizational implications (“Champion”)
Managed by cooperating departments
GIS Implementation
Multiple, networked PCs/workstations
Topological GIS
Object/Relational database
Some information sharing between departments

15. Level IV: Enterprise System
Organizational Environment
Usually medium to large organization, multiple departments
High level long-term commitment to GIS
Organization-level strategic planning, distributed implementation and maintenance
Incorporation of GIS as part of organizational infrastructure
Corporate management support and involvement is essential
GIS Implementation
Distributed client-server network(s)
Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related technologies
Multi-department data sharing, standards and metadata

16. Level V: Multi-Organizational
Organizational Environment
Public organizations or industry alliance
Multi-participant organizational structure for planning and policy
Distributed maintenance responsibilities across organizations
Long-term, high level commitments among participating organizations
Significant reorganization of functions across organizations
GIS Implementation
Distributed maintenance of shared elements
Data exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet or other WAN
Data integration from multiple technologies

17. GIS Development Cycle
First decides what the GIS should do, second decide how the GIS will accomplish each task.
Needs
Assessment
Conceptual
Design
Database
Planning
and Design
Database
Construction
Available
Data Survey
GIS Use and
Database
Maintenance
GIS
System
Integration
Application
Development
Pilot /
Benchmark
Acquisition of
GIS HW and SW
HW and
SW Survey

18. 1. Needs Assessment
Interviews, focus groups can capture the needs of a dept (managers, users, customers)
Compiling the results of the needs assessment
Master data list
Master function list
Budget constraints
Assess available systems
Select the system

19. 2. Design and Choose a Data Model
The conceptual data model is a high level view, independent of the computer system.
Identify the elements of the data model and their relationship to one another (flowchart)
Create a list of actions the system must perform.
Identify system inputs and outputs.
Group actions, inputs and outputs into a logical order,

21. 2. Design and Choose a Data Model
The physical data model describes the organization of the data in the computer.
Choose a physical model that is closest to the aspects of the real world which you wish to model.
May be straight forward – vector for road network.
Not so straight forward – TIN or DEM for terrain analysis

22. 3. Designing the Analysis
Cartographic Modeling
Identify the map layers or spatial data required.
Use natural language to explain the processes involved.
Draw a flow chart of step 2.
Annotate the flow chart with commands necessary to perform the operations within the GIS.

23. Cartographic modeling23

24. Cartographic models
Often represented with flowcharts; graphically representing the spatial data, operations and their sequence 24

25. Stages in Developing an Application
The waterfall approach – a linear approach to the management , development and implementation of a system.
The prototyping approach
Pilot project

26. Waterfall Approach Methodology Problems with the approach.
Feasibility study
System investigation and system analysis
System design
Implementation review and maintenance
Problems with the approach.
Often misses the problem context for the group for whom it is being developed.
Limits flexibility for change in the scope and timeline of the project.
Does not put the user at the center of the design.
Considered to be technocratic view of system development.
It provides a structured framework for the management of a GIS project.

27. Prototyping
Figure The prototyping approach

28. Advantages of Prototyping
Users have more direct involvement in the design of the system.
It is easier to adapt the system in the face of changing circumstances.
It can be easily abandoned if it fails to meet users needs.
If time and money are available a number of prototypes can be built.

29. Problems of Prototyping
Can be difficult to manage
Large number of users
Differing opinions
Resource implications may change after development of the prototype.
Knowing when to stop development can be a problem.
It is never finished

30. Pilot Projects
As a demonstration, to show potential users the possible utility of GIS
As an experiment to test a particular technical aspect of implementation
As a temporary operation or production environment to assess operational feasibility or to determine organizational impact
As a trail run to test adequacy of project planing and design
As a benchmark test to compare hardware, software, network configurations being considered

31. GIS Implementation issues
GIS Paradigm
Use of spatial location as integrating framework for information
Power of spatial analysis
Geographic Data Management Principles
Extend data management principles to include geography
Builds on standard IT practice
Technology
Select appropriate GIS-enabling technology and plan to evolve
Follow and exploit new technologies
Organizational Setting
Organizational setting a crucial ingredient to success/failure
Level and nature of enterprise

32. Implementation Problems
Data in the wrong format for the software.
A lack of GIS knowledge imposing technical and conceptual constraints on the project.
Users frequently changing their mind about what they want.

33. 4. Project Evaluation Test and evaluate the output
Difficult if the output is being used to make predictions,
Tests to see if the GIS meets its goals
Are people using the application for which it was designed?
Check the output against reality.
Evaluate the changes that had to be made through the development stages from rich picture to implementation.

34. Case Study 1 Exploring Response Times
Which areas are within a four-minute drive time of a fire station in a particular city.

35. A Street Map with City Boundary

36. Step 1
Find areas within a four-minute drive time of a fire station during both light and heavy traffic conditions.
In ArcGIS for Desktop you use the Network Analyst service area solver to create drive-time areas.
You will need to have the Network Analyst extension installed, and a street network dataset that contains traffic information.
First, add the Network analyst toolbar and create a New Service Area.

38. Right-click Service Area in the table of contents and select Properties.
On the Analysis Settings tab, set the drive time (Default Breaks) to 4 minutes and specify the day of week (Tuesday) and time of day (2:00 am).

40. Click Solve on the Network Analyst toolbar to calculate and display the drive-time areas.

41. To save the drive-time polygons, export them and add them to your map when prompted.

42. Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during light traffic conditions (2:00 a.m. on a Tuesday morning)

43. Step 2
To find areas within four minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box again, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Time of Day and Day of Week settings to 5 PM on Friday. Then click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons, as before.

45. Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during heavy traffic conditions (5:00 p.m. on a Friday afternoon)

46. Step 3
Find out how many minutes from a fire station the farthest parts of the city are.
To find areas within 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Default Breaks to 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes.
Once again click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons.

48. Areas within 6, 8, 10, or 12 minutes of a fire station
Areas within 6, 8, 10, or 12 minutes of a fire station. Most of the populated part of the city is within 6 or 8 minutes.

49. Case 2 Are there any places in the city to build a mixed-use development?

50. Introduction
With the success of several medium-sized mixed-use developments that have been built in the city over the past decade, a real estate analyst for a local development company has been keeping an eye on the market.
The company wants to build several small mixed-use developments with a restaurant or shops at street level and three or four floors of housing or office space above.
The analyst is particularly interested in locations of existing gas stations as potential sites.
With fewer people driving, especially in urban centers, and improved fuel mileage in cars, profit margins for station owners are getting thinner and thinner. Many are realizing they can make more money by selling the land to developers.

51. Using information on the location of light rail stops, selected businesses, and the regional plan, theanalyst will attempt to identify areas that might be good candidates for small mixed-use development projects.

52. Find areas within a quarter-mile of a store or restaurant, light rail stop, or planned commercial district.

53. Step 1
Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the light rail stops.

54. Step 2
Use Select By Attributes with businesses to select restaurants and bars, clothing stores, and home furnishings stores.
These correspond to Department of Labor SIC2 codes 56, 57, and 58.

56. Step 3
Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the selected businesses.

57. Steps 4 & 5
Use Select By Attributes with the regional plan layer to select neighborhood commercial districts.
These correspond to the CC and CN regional plan codes.
Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the commercial districts.

59. The buffer layers for light rail stops, shops and restaurants, and planned commercial districts are displayed together.

60. Potential development areas are displayed with the locations of gas stations.

61. Step 6
Use the Union tool to combine the light rail stop buffer layer and the shop and restaurant buffer layer.
Union allows you to combine several layers at one time.

63. Step 7
Then use Dissolve to erase the residual buffer boundaries.

64. Step 8
Display the layer of potential development areas with locations of gas stations.

65. The three buffer layers have been combined using Union to create the layer of potential development areas.

66. Display the layer of potential development areas with locations of gas stations.

67. Steps 1, 2 & 3
Use Select By Attributes with the businesses to select gas stations. These correspond to SIC code 5541.
To display the gas stations and the layer of potential development areas, create a layer from the selected set (the gas stations).
Change the symbol used to draw gas stations to Gas.

68. Display the layer of potential development areas with existing mixed-use zone areas.

69. Step 1
Use Select By Attributes with the zoning layer to select the mixed-use zones.
These correspond to regional zoning codes MUC1 and MUC2.
Create a layer from the selected features (as with gas stations, above) and display the mixed-use zones layer with the layer of potential development areas.

70. Summarize the amount of land currently and potentially zoned for mixed use.

71. Step 1
For the zoning layer, calculate the area of each zone—in square miles—by adding a field to the attribute table.

72. Step 2
Then use the Calculate Geometry option to calculate the area for each zone.

73. Step 3
Right-click the new field and click Statistics to get the sum of the area currently zoned for mixed use.

74. Step 4
Clip the potential development areas using the city boundary to get only the development areas inside the city.

75. Step 5
Clip creates a single output feature representing the areas of the potential mixed-use development.
Calculate the area in square miles by adding a field to the attribute table and using the Calculate Geometry option (as shown above for the existing mixed-use zones).

76. You can then enter the area values for the mixed-use zoning and potential development areas into a spreadsheet to create the bar chart.

78. Potential development areas are displayed with current mixed-use zoning.

79. A chart showing the amount of land currently zoned for mixed-use development compared to the amount of land in the development area layer
While not all of that area can be rezoned, the map and chart show that there is potentially much more land that could be used for mixed-use developments.