1. Wednesday, January 16 th What is a mutation? Reminders: DNA Test Friday

2. What is the difference between the following mRNA strands? AUG CCG AUU UAG AUG CGA UUU AG

3. Mutations

4. What Are Mutations? Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA May occur in body cells (aren’t passed to offspring) May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring

5. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Mutations happen regularly Almost all mutations are neutral Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations Many mutations are repaired by enzymes

6. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from body cell mutations Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)

7. Types of Mutations Chromosome Gene

8. Gene Mutations Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene May only involve a single nucleotide May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

9. Types of Gene Mutations Include: –Point Mutations –Frameshift Insertion Deletion –Substitutions –Inversion –Translocation

10. Point Mutation Change of a single nucleotide Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

11. Point Mutation Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

12. Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence Proteins built incorrectly

13. Frameshift Mutation Original: –The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift (“a” added): – The fat caa tet hew eer at.

14. Amino Acid Sequence Changed

15. Substitution Mutation A nitrogen base is replaced (substituted) with another nitrogen base.

16. Inversion Mutation An entire section of DNA is reversed!

17. Gene Mutation Animation

18. Translocation Mutation A segment of DNA moves from one part of the sequence to another part CCA TGC ATA CGG ATA CCA TGC CGG Original 

19. DNA Mutation Practice

20. AUG UGG AAC CGC UGC UGA Met Trp Asn Arg Cys Stop