1. Unit 1

3.  Dress appropriately for lab  Goggles  Apron  Close toed shoes  Gloves (when needed)  Hair tied back  No loose clothing  No loose jewelry

4.  Act appropriately  Read all direction carefully  Never preform experiments without the teachers permission  Notify the teach and clean up a spill immediately  NO FOOD OR DRINK IN THE LAB  Don’t leave books/bags in the isle way

5.  Act appropriately  When heating objects, point the test tube away from yourself and partner  Never reach across the flame  Never mix chemicals  Never use broken or chipped glass  Handel live specimens as directed by the teacher

6.  After the lab  CLEAN YOUR STATION  Wash your hands  Put all materials away

21.  An attempt to describe the universe based on basic rules  Scientists form experiments to learn something new test current theories and predictions

22.  Make an Observation  Made using your five senses  Leads to asking a question  May be direct or indirect

23.  Do background research  Who else has studied this?  What has been discovered relating to this?  How can I add to the research already done?

24.  Construct a hypothesis  Based on the research you have done, what do you think is going to happen?

25.  Develop and conduct an experiment  Write down each step with great detail  Make sure you only test 1 variable Variables are parts of the experiment that can be changed Two types Independent – the variable YOU change Dependent – the variable nature changes (reacts to what you change  Be sure to have a control group Do not add or remove any thing from this group  Make sure all surrounding conditions are constant

26.  Designing an experiment  What are the variables?  Which group is the control?  What do we need to keep constant?

27.  Analyze your data and draw a conclusion  Data can be classified two ways Qualitative data – descriptive data (colors) Quantitative data – numerical data (counting)  Create graphs to show your data Bar graphs have no relation between the categories as the experiment progressed Line graphs show how the tested variable changed as the experiment progressed

28.  Communicate your results  Communicating your results allows other scientists to repeat your experiment If there is a discrepancy in the results then your experiment can be reviewed and repeated.

29.  Three main branches  Life science Botany, zoology, ecology  Physical science Chemistry and physics  Earth science Geology and meteorology

30.  Scientists do experiments to learn about the world  Pure science  Engineers look for ways to apply science  Technology  Scientists use technology to enhance their experiments

31.  Theories are  Supported by observations  Explanations that have been tested by repeated observations  Some theories cannot be tested Continental drift  A valid theory must  Explain observations simply and clearly  Be shown by repeatable experiments  Be able to allow the scientist to make predictable hypotheses

32.  Theories and Laws are not absolute  Overtime some theories have been changed or replaced to help people better understand the natural world Read about the caloric theory in your text books. Page 9

33.  Scientists use models to represent an object or event being studied  Models can represent both large and small objects/events

36.  SI units  The scientific measurement scale  Used throughout the world to record measurements Makes sharing data easier We call this system the metric system

37.  Base units  Seven units used to describe measurements Measurement are numbers followed by a unit  In Biology we typically use the measurements for length, mass, and volume. QuantityUnitAbbreviation LengthMeterm MassKilogramkg TimeSeconds TemperatureKelvinK Electric currentAmpereA Amount of substanceMolemol Luminous intensityCandelacd

38.  Derived Units  Combination of base units  Created by multiplying and dividing base units Density (mass/volume) Area, volume, pressure, weight, force, speed

39.  Prefixes are used to express very large and very small numbers  All are multiples of 10 Prefixes used for large measurements PrefixSymbolMeaningMultiple of base unit KilokThousand1,000 MegaMMillion1,000,000 GigaGBillion1,000,000,000

40.  Observations rely on quantitative measurements  How much?  How many?  How long?  How big?  In order to answer these questions we must take measurements using appropriate tools!

41.  Length – the straight-line distance between any two points  Short distances are measured with centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm)  long distances are measured with kilometers. (km)

42.  Mass – how much matter something has

43.  Volume – the amount of space an object takes up  Large objects are going to be measure in liters or kiloliters  Small objects are going to be measured in milliliters  If an object is a square you find the volume by using length X width X height

45.  While taking measurements it is very important to be both precise and accurate  Precise  Being able to get near the same measurement each and every time  Accurate  Being able to get the correct measurement

47.  Now you try

50.  Graphs are used to make complicated data easier to read  By looking at a graph scientists can make predictions and inferences about data  All graphs have to  Have a title  Have the X axis labeled with the independent variable  Have the Y axis labeled with the dependent variable  Have appropriate increments for numbers  Take up as much space as possible

51.  Line graphs  Used to show data with trends

52.  Bar graphs  Used to compare data for several individual items or events

53.  Pie charts  Used to present data that are parts of a whole

54.  Scientific notation is used to express very large numbers and very small numbers  By writing numbers in scientific notation we are able to remove excess zeroes by multiplying by a factor of ten

55.  Steps to writing numbers in scientific notation  Find the decimal If there is not a decimal assume the decimal is at the end of the number  Move the decimal so that the number before the decimal is between 1 and 9 This could be either left or right  Count the number of spaces you moved the decimal  If you moved the decimal right, then write X 10 number  If you moved the decimal left, then write X 10 -number

56.  Lets practice  0.0015  8.002  3567  0.000624