1. Comparing Current and Desired Status: Gaps Analysis Brief overview: ICTRT Viability Criteria Abundance/Productivity Gaps: Concepts and Calculations Considering Uncertainties – future environmental conditions, continued direct hydro survival improvements. Results Summaries: Snake Basin Chinook and Steelhead

2. General TRT Tasks 1. Define goals Population identificationPopulation identification Viability criteria (ESU & population levels)Viability criteria (ESU & population levels) Example ESU ScenariosExample ESU Scenarios 2. How far do we have to go to get there? Current status assessmentCurrent status assessment Defining “gap” between status and goalDefining “gap” between status and goal 3. Choosing and implementing actions Limiting factors analysesLimiting factors analyses Evaluating the effect of proposed actionsEvaluating the effect of proposed actions

3. TRT Hierarchical Criteria Pop Attributes Pop Status Stratum/Geographic Unit/Major Population Group Status ESU Status ESU Stratum 1 Stratum 2Stratum 3

4. ICTRT Viability Criteria ESU level criteria –Major Population Groupings Minimum number of viable populations in each Major life history patterns represented Historical population size representation Population Level Criteria –Abundance/Productivity –Spatial Structure/Diversity

5. What Are the ICTRT Criteria Designed For ? Providing benchmarks for: Setting planning goals and objectives Starting point for delisting criteria, recovery goals –Assessing the current viability of an ESU –Formulating protection and/or recovery strategies –Designing monitoring/evaluation efforts To assess changes in population status, contributions from recovery and/or protection efforts

6. Purpose of MPG Criteria General VSP recommendation: An ESU needs multiple spatially distinct and diverse populations to be viable. –1) To protect against catastrophic loss of any one population. –2) To ensure maintenance of long-term meta-population processes –3) To ensure that AMONG population diversity is maintained

7. Snake River Spring Summer Chinook Major Population Groupings & Populations Lower Snake Tribs Group Tucannon R. Asotin R. South Fork Salmon Group South Fork East Fork/Johnson Cr. Secesh R. Grand Ronde/Imnaha Group Imnaha R. Big Sheep Cr. Wenaha R. Minam R. Lostine/Wallowa R. Catherine Cr. Upper Grand Ronde Middle Salmon R. Group Big Cr. Bear Valley Marsh Cr. Sulphur Cr. Loon Cr. Camas Cr. Chamberlain Cr. Upper Mainstem & tribs Lower Mainstem & tribs Upper Salmon R. Group Lemhi R. Pahsimeroi R. North Fk Panther Cr Valley Cr. Yankee Fk East Fk Upper Salmon Upper Salmon tribs. Above Hells Canyon (Ext) Clearwater (Ext.)

8. Figure E-2

9. Population Level: Abundance/Productivity Criteria Abundance should be high enough that: –In combination with intrinsic productivity, declines to critically low levels would be unlikely assuming recent patterns of environmental variability –Compensatory processes provide resilience to the effects of short-term perturbations –Subpopulation structure is maintained (e.g., multiple spawning patches, etc) –Status estimates should consider statistical uncertainties

10. Parameters contributing to risk (Abundance &Productivity) trend Variance (& autocorrelation) abundance time N

11. Population Level: Spatial Structure and Diversity Three interrelated categories –Structure – spawning aggregations, spatial relationships –Maintaining Natural Variation –Habitats and Natural Processes

12. Integrating Across SSD Criteria Simple Weighted scoring A population would be rated at HIGH risk if: –Average rating across spatial distribution criteria is HIGH RISK or –Rating for life history or direct genetic criteria at HIGH Risk or –Average rating across Life history, genetics, habitat and selectivity criteria is HIGH

13. Assessing Population Viability: Integrating Across VSP Criteria SS/D rating Very Low LowModerateHigh A/P rating Very Low (<1%) highly viable maintained maintained Low (<5%) viable Moderate (<25%) maintained High high risk

14. ICTRT Viability Curves Expressed in terms of a simple hockey stick model (can generate curves for other functions) Used a constant Quasi-extinction risk level of 50 spawners Incorporated minimum abundance thresholds (function of historical spawning area of the population) Modeling includes average age structure, estimated autocorrelation/variance in brood year productivity rates

15. Viability Curve: Basic Principles Intrinsic Productivity Parent Spawners Next Generation Spawners Replacement 1 spawner for every 1 parent spawner At CapacityBelow Capacity R=a*S R=a*Smax

17. Population Size Thresholds Populations with fewer than 500 individuals are at higher risk for inbreeding depression and a variety of other genetic and demographic concerns. Increased thresholds for larger populations promote the full range of abundance/ productivity objectives. –Avoid Allee affects –Ensure compensatory processes –Provide for spawning in multiple sub-areas

18. Viability Curve

19. Comparison to Viability Curve –Abundance: 10-year geomean Natural Origin Returns –Productivity: Geomean of spawner to spawner return rates most recent 20 years, parent escapements below 75% of the threshold. Indexed to annual marine survivals to improve estimate of rate under average conditions. –Conclusion: Wenatchee Spring Chinook population is at HIGH RISK based on current abundance and productivity. The point estimate for abundance and productivity is below the 25% risk curve. Wenatchee River Current abundance & productivity Oval: +/- 1 standard error Lines: +/- 2 standard errors

20. Observed A/P Gaps Quantitatively gauging the relative change in survival/capacity required to move a population from current status to alternative viability levels (e.g., 5% or 1% risk over 100 years). Expressed terms of return/spawner. Gaps can be reduced by improved survival at any life stage from parr to returning adult. Assume recent (post-1980) climate, hydropower system, hatchery and harvest influences For a given population, more formal limiting factors analyses should be used to evaluate the potential for change at any given life history stage. Caveat: All four VSP parameters (abundance, productivity, spatial structure and diversity) contribute to population viability. The ICTRT uses a series of metrics to assess current risk with respect to these factors. Comprehensive risk assessments are included in population specific status reports.

21. ICTRT Gaps Reports Two components –Observed Gaps: Generic assessment of a/p gaps for populations with sufficient abundance data series –More detailed stochastic matrix modeling for selected populations with sufficient data Incorporates alternative climate scenarios Improvements to life stage survivals (e.g., current vs historical hydro) Can incorporate more detailed (life stage specific) analyses of recovery strategies –projected improvements in survival or effective capacity Matrix Model Populations –Yearling Chinook: Wenatchee, Marsh Cr., South Fork and Catherine Cr. –Steelhead: Umatilla River, Rapid River (subarea of Little Salmon River population).

22. A/P Gaps Observed Gap: Quantitative change required to meet ICTRT A/P viability criteria Simple Algebraic approach Starting Point – Population Current Status draft abundance/productivity summaries. Calculated using data from 1978-1999(2001) brood years Most populations: Shortest distance from point defined by current status (abundance & productivity) to a selected risk curve. Alternative calculations for higher productivity populations – capacity considerations

26. A/P Gap

30. Key Considerations Productivity affected by mortality and survival at all life stages. The gap analyses themselves do not identify or target a particular life stage – A/P gaps can be addressed by improvement opportunities at any life stage. Gap calculations can be sensitive to assumptions regarding relative hatchery effectiveness when parent spawners have high proportions of hatchery origin fish.

31. Considering Uncertainty Different ways to consider uncertainty –Checking current status: evaluate the impact on projected risks of directly incorporating uncertainty measure –Gaps analyses – point estimates of ‘gap’ under a range of potential future climate/ocean scenarios –Status assessment approach can be adapted to gaps

33. Snake River Steelhead Populations Major Population Group# AnalyzedBase Gap(5% Risk) Lower Snake1*1.23 Grande Ronde/Imnaha7 of 91.04 (0.59 to 3.09) South Fork Salmon 6 of 80.45 (0.32 to 1.33) Middle Fork Salmon6 of 81.27 (0.65 to 1.70) Upper Salmon7 of 91.07 (0.44 to 2.28)

34. Results Snake Fall Chinook –One of three historical populations extant, largest populations extirpated –Considerations Strong upward trend in abundance in recent years BUT Relatively short time series of applicable A/P data Lack of data to calculate SAR, parr to smolt relationships Changes in exploitation and hydro/transport over time Increased presence of multiple life history patterns –Observed Gaps dependent on time frame –5% Risk 0.01 to 0.28 –1% Risk 0.07 to 0.47

36. Modeling Alternative Futures Matrix modeling: –Alternative Future Environmental Scenarios Historical patterns (50-100 years) Recent patterns (25 Years) –Direct hydro survival improvements Continuation of recent observed improvements –Modifications from Zabel et al. 2006 Population-specific (rather than ESU-level) Climate function relies on PDO, upwelling, SST and WTT

37. Climate scenarios Poor Historic

39. Insert fig 2 flowchart

40. South Fork Chinook A/P Gap Example Gap Base EnvironmentalRecent 60 Year Warm PDO Years Recent Hydro Recent Hydro Recent Hydro

41. Summary Base gaps for Snake River Spring/summer chinook populations range from 0.32 to greater than 3.00. Alternative climate assumptions can substantially affect the absolute value of gaps: Assuming that the future would be more like longer term conditions reduces gaps by 60-70%, assuming consistent poor survivals (like 1990s) increases gaps by about 20% Survival increases required to meet the 1% risk level would be 1.3 to 1.5 times the levels needed to meet the 5% risk criteria. For most populations, the survival changes being modeled for hydrosystem actions alone would not be sufficient to meet ICTRT viability criteria. Next steps: modeling projected survival benefits of strategies generated through regional recovery planning efforts.