1. 1 CHAPTER6 CHAPTER 6

2. Objectives: You’ll learn about;  Introduction  Files and streams  Creating a sequential access file  Reading data from a sequential access file 2

3.  Storage of data in variables and arrays is temporary-all such data are lost when a program terminates.  Files are used for permanent retention of large amounts of data.  Computers store files on secondary storage devices esp. disk storage devices.  A file is a group of related records.  A record is a group of related fields. 3

4.  C views a file as a sequential stream of bytes.  A file ends either with an EOF (end-of-file) marker or at a specified byte number specified by the system.  When a file is opened, a stream is associated with a file.  Streams provide communication channels between files and the programs. 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8..... n -1

5.  In addition to providing access to a file, a stream can also be used to access devices.  For example, when a program (any program) is executed, 3 streams are automatically opened: ◦ standard input (stdin)  enable the program to read data from keyboard ◦ standard output (stdout)  enable the program to print data on the screen ◦ standard error (stderr)  enable program to print errors on the screen  They are all manipulated using file pointers. 5

6.  The statement: FILE *fptr1, *fptr2 ; declares that fptr1 and fptr2 are pointer variables of type FILE. They will be assigned the address of a file descriptor, that is, an area of memory that will be associated with an input or output stream.  Whenever you are to read from or write to the file, you must first open the file and assign the address of its file descriptor (or structure) to the file pointer variable. 6

7.  They must be declared as file pointers.  They must be opened using an fopen function call, before processing.  The function feof can be used.  The files must be closed with an fclose function call.  Input function used – fscanf()  Output function used – fprintf()  Should use appropriate mode to file – w, r, a etc 7

8.  Opening a File  Reading data from a file  Writing data to a file  Closing a file 8

9. 9 r - open for reading w - open for writing (file need not exist),if the file already exists, discard current contents a - open for appending (file need not exist), writing at the end of the file. If the file already exists, discard current contents r+ - open for reading and writing, start at beginning w+ - open for reading and writing (overwrite file) a+ - open for reading and writing (append if file exists), writing is done at the end of the file

10. 10 The statement: fptr1 = fopen ( "mydata", "r" ) ; would open the file mydata for input (reading). The statement: fptr2 = fopen ("results", "w" ) ; would open the file results for output (writing). Once the files are open, they stay open until you close them or end the program (which will close all files.)

11.  If the file was not able to be opened, then the value returned by the fopen routine is NULL.  For example, let's assume that the file mydata does not exist. Then: FILE *fptr1 ; fptr1 = fopen ( "mydata", "r") ; if (fptr1 == NULL) { printf ("File 'mydata' did not open.\n") ; } 11

12.  If an error occurs while opening a file (in which case fopen() returns a NULL), it could be due to any of these errors: ◦ Opening a non-existing file for reading ◦ Opening a file for reading or writing without having granted the appropriate access to the file by the operating system. ◦ Opening a file for writing when no disk space is available.  Always remember that the mode “w” will overwrite the current data in the file. When we want to update a file, always use the update mode r+” (but w/r from top) 12

13.  In the following segment of C language code: int a, b ; FILE *fptr1, *fptr2 ; fptr1 = fopen ( "mydata", "r" ) ; fscanf ( fptr1, "%d%d", &a, &b) ; the fscanf function would read values from the file "pointed" to by fptr1 and assign those values to a and b. 13

14.  The end-of-file indicator informs the program when there are no more data (no more bytes) to be processed.  There are a number of ways to test for the end-of-file condition. One is to use the feof function which returns a true or false condition: fscanf (fptr1, "%d", &var) ; if ( feof (fptr1) ) { printf ("End-of-file encountered.\n”); }  There are a number of ways to test for the end-of-file condition. Another way is to use the value returned by the fscanf function: int istatus ; istatus = fscanf (fptr1, "%d", &var) ; if ( istatus == EOF ) { printf ("End-of-file encountered.\n”) ; } 14

15.  Likewise in a similar way, in the following segment of C language code: int a = 5, b = 20 ; FILE *fptr2 ; fptr2 = fopen ( "results", "w" ) ; fprintf ( fptr2, "%d %d\n", a, b ) ; the fprintf functions would write the values stored in a and b to the file "pointed" to by fptr2. Chapter 7: File Processing15

16.  The statements: fclose ( fptr1 ) ; fclose ( fptr2 ) ; will close the files and release the file descriptor space and I/O buffer memory. 16

17. 17 typedef struct { int roll; char dept_code[6]; float cgpa; } STUD; main() { FILE *stud; STUD s; float sum = 0.0; int count = 0; stud = fopen (“stud.dat”, “r”) ; while (1) { if (feof (stud)) break; fscanf (stud, “%d %s %f”, &s.roll, s.dept_code, &s.cgpa); count ++; sum += s.cgpa; } printf (“\nThe average cgpa is %f”, sum/count); fclose (stud); }

18. 18 #include void main (void) { int account; char name[30]; float balance; FILE *fptr; if ((fptr = fopen("D:/clients.txt", "w")) == NULL) printf("Error: the file cannot be opened\n"); else { printf ("Enter the account #, name and balance or EOF to end input:\n"); scanf ("%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); while (!feof(stdin)) { fprintf(fptr, "%d %s %.2f\n", account, name, balance); scanf ("%d%s%f", &account, &name, &balance); } fclose (fptr); } Creating a Sequential Access File: Example 2

19.  Output from program that creates sequential access file Enter the account #, name and balance or EOF to end input: 111 sara 24.98 222 hannah 345.67 333 ruby 0.00 444 arris -42.16 555 Nufail 224.62 666 Yasmin 987.90 ^Z Press any key to continue 19 Creating a Sequential Access File cont…

20.  Content of “D:/client.txt”: 20 Creating a Sequential Access File cont…

21. 21 #include void main (void) { int account; char name[30]; float balance; FILE *fptr; if ((fptr = fopen("D:/clients.txt", "r")) == NULL) printf("Error: the file cannot be opened\n"); else { printf ("%-10s%-13s%s\n", "Account", "Name", "Balance"); fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); while (!feof(fptr)) { printf ("%-10d%-13s%.2f\n", account, name, balance); fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); } fclose (fptr); } Reading Data from a Sequential Access File : Example 3

22.  if ((fptr = fopen("D:/clients.txt", "r")) == NULL) ◦ Attempts to open the file clients.txt for reading and determines whether the file is opened successfully. Notice that the mode used is “r”.  fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); ◦ Reads data from the file clients.txt ◦ Equivalent to function scanf() except that it receives as an argument a file pointer for the file from which the data is read. 22 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File cont…

23.  Output from program that reads data from sequential access file Account Name Balance 111 sara 24.98 222 hannah 345.67 333 ruby 0.00 444 arris -42.16 555 Nufail 224.62 666 Yasmin 987.90 Press any key to continue 23 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File cont…

24. #include void create_file (); int request, account; float balance; char name[30]; FILE *fptr; void main() { create_file(); if ((fptr = fopen("E:/LECTURE/FILE/test.txt", "r")) == NULL) printf("Error: the file cannot be opened\n"); else { printf("Enter request\n" "1 - List accounts with zero balances\n" "2 - List accounts with credit balances\n" "3 - List accounts with debit balances\n" "4 - End of run\nRequest #? "); scanf("%d", &request); 24

25. while(request!=4) { fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); switch(request){ case 1: printf("\nAccounts with zero balances:\n"); while (!feof(fptr)) { if( balance == 0 ) printf ("%-10d%-13s%.2f\n", account, name, balance); fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); } break; 25

26. case 2: printf("\nAccounts with credit balances:\n"); while (!feof(fptr)) { if( balance < 0 ) printf ("%-10d%-13s%.2f\n", account, name, balance); fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); } break; 26

27. case 3: printf("\nAccounts with debit balances:\n"); while (!feof(fptr)) { if( balance > 0 ) printf ("%-10d%-13s%.2f\n", account, name, balance); fscanf (fptr, "%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); } break; } /* End switch */ 27

28. rewind(fptr); /* return fptr to beginning of file */ printf("\nRequest #? "); scanf("%d", &request); } /* End while before switch */ printf("End of run.\n"); fclose(fptr); } /* End else */ } /* End main */ 28

29. void create_file () { if ((fptr = fopen("E:/LECTURE/FILE/test.txt", "a+")) == NULL) printf("Error: the file cannot be opened\n"); else { printf ("Enter the account #, name and balance or EOF to end input:\n"); scanf ("%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); while (!feof(stdin)) { fprintf(fptr, "%d %s %.2f\n", account, name, balance); scanf ("%d %s %f", &account, &name, &balance); } fclose (fptr); } 29

30. Enter request 1 - List accounts with zero balances 2 - List accounts with credit balances 3 - List accounts with debit balances 4 - End of run Request #? 1 Accounts with zero balances: 333 ruby 0.00 30

31. Request #? 2 Accounts with credit balances: 444 Arris -42.16 Request #? 3 Accounts with debit balances: 111 sara 24.98 222 hannah 345.67 555 Nufail 224.62 666 Yasmin 987.90 31

32. Request #? 4 End of run. Press any key to continue NOTE : You must create a sequential access file first, then it is up to you to use any possible mode to the file. 32

33. 33 Associated commands are: fputc()-writes a char at a time to a file fputs() -writes a string to a file fprintf() - writes a variable number of items to an output stream fgetc() - reads a char from stream fgets() - reads from stream into array fscanf() - reads a variable number of items from stream feof - tests if file has reaches its end. Other File Functions

34. 34 Summary FILE Concepts Steps on how to apply FILE programming structure Examples of FILE program