1. Kingdom Protista
Protozoa

2. Kingdom Protista consists of:
Protozoa (animal like protists)
Algae (plant like protists)
Slime molds & water molds (fungus like protists)

3. All protists:
Are eukaryotic
Lack tissue differentiation

4. Characteristics of Protozoa:
Single cells
Microscopic
Most are heterotrophic
Have food vacuoles w/digestive enzymes
Some are free living other are parasitic
Found in zooplankton

5. Where can you find protozoa?
Oceans
Freshwater vegetation
Rivers and ponds
Soil
Bodies of other organisms

6. Diseases caused by protozoa include:
Malaria
Amebic dysentery
Giardiasis

7. Reproduction Asexually by binary fission or multiple fission
Sexually by conjugation-pair and exchange genetic material

8. Classification of Protozoa
By locomotion
However, evolutionary relationships are being studied and changes being made

9. 4 Phyla of Protozoa: Sarcodina-move with pseudopodia
Ciliophora-move with cilia
Zoomastigina-move with flagella
Sporozoa-carried by wind, animals, etc.

10. Adaptations Eyespots-detect changes in light Chemoreceptors
Can form cysts-dormant form when conditions are unfavorable

11. Evolution: 1.5 billion years ago-eukaryotic cells formed
Protozoa evolved from the early eukaryotes
Probably through endosymbiosis-a process in which one prokaryote lives inside another and gradually both host and guest become dependent on one another
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12. PHYLUM SARCODINA
“THE AMOEBA”

13. Where can you find sarcodines?
Salt water
Freshwater
soil

14. What are pseudopodia?
“false feet”- large, rounded cytoplasmic extensions that function in movement

15. Endoplasm & Ectoplasm

16. Amoeboid Movement:
Known as cytoplasmic streaming-internal flowing of the cell’s cytoplasm

17. How does an amoeba eat? Engulf other protists by phagocytosis
Pseudopodia surround the food and form a food vacuole (endocytosis)
Enzymes from cytoplasm enter the vacuole and digest the food.
Undigested wastes leave by exocytosis

19. What does the contractile vacuole do?
Pumps out excess water to maintain homeostasis

21. Sarcodines with a test (shell):
Foraminifera-found primarily in oceans
shells are made of calcium carbonate
extend pseudopodia through holes in test

23. White Cliffs of Dover England

24. Radiolarians: Live in shallow, open water
Tests made of silicon dioxide

25. Chert
Type of rock formed from the tests of dead radiolarians

26. Entamoeba histolytica
Enters body through contaminated food or water
Lives in the intestines, secretes enzymes, and causes deep ulcers
Called amebic dysentery-intense pain, and complications arise if they go to the liver or other organs

28. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
“PARAMECIUM”

29. Chiliophora facts: 8,000 species
Swim with cilia: short hair-like cytoplasmic projections
Abundant in ponds and slow moving streams w/decaying plants, also salt water
Eat bacteria, algae, other small organisms

30. Paramecium: Internal Structure

31. Conjugation of Paramecia
See page 515 Text
Sexual Reproduction

32. Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission

33. Other Ciliates
Stentor

34. Phylum Zoomastigina
Flagellates

35. Characteristics of Zoomastigina
2,500 species
Presence of one or more flagella-long whip hair-like structures for locomotion
Some are free living
Some are parasites

36. Trypanosoma
Live in blood of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Carried from host to host by insects (flies)

37. African Sleeping Sickness
Transmitted by tsetse fly (lives only in Africa)
Fever, lethargy, mental deterioration, coma

38. Tsetse fly

40. Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas’ Disease
Transmitted by “kissing bugs” –cone bugs
Fever and severe heart damage

42. Leishmania donovani Transmitted by sand flies Disfiguring skin sores
Can be fatal

44. Giardia lamblia Giardiasis-severe diarrhea and intestinal cramps
Contaminated water (feces of beavers, muskrats in water)

46. Phylum Sporozoa
Sporozoans

47. Characteristics of Sporozoans
6,000 species
No means of locomotion
Most are parasites with complex life cycles
Carried in blood of hosts

48. Toxoplasma gondii Birds, rodents, cats
Causes toxoplasmosis in humans-dangerous to a developing newborn
Adult-flu like symptoms

49. Plasmodium vivax Causes malaria
Chills, fever, fatigue, sweating, thirst
Die of anemia, kidney failure or brain damage if untreated
Vector is the female Anopheles mosquito
Life cycle page 518 text

51. Plant Like Protists
Algae

52. Why are algae protists and not plants?
No true roots, stems or leaves
Form gametes in single celled gametangia (gamete chambers) (plants have multi-celled gametangia)
Some are unicellular, some multi-cellular
Range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds
Autotrophic-photosynthesis (have chloroplasts)
Most algae are aquatic, have flagella at some point in their life cycle
Algal cells have-Pyrenoids-make and store starch

53. Body plan of an alga Thallus-body portion-usually haploid
4 types of body plans:
1. unicellular (found in phytoplankton)
2. colonial
3. filamentous
4. multicellular

54. Classification of algae is based on:
Color
Type of chlorophyll
Form of food-storage substance
Cell wall composition
7 Phyla

55. Reproduction Can be sexual or asexual
Sexual is usually triggered by environmental stress
Chlamydomonas-single celled; absorbs its flagellum, dives mitotically 3 times, and forms zoospores that grow into mature cells
Sexually it makes haploid cells to make + or – gametes-they fuse and form a zygote which develops a thick wall and forms a zygospore
See page 528 text

56. Reproduction in Multi-cellular Algae
Gametangia produce gametes
Antheridium produces sperm
Oogonium produces eggs
Sperm swim to cell with egg-forms zygote-
which leaves oogonium and form spore-it divides meiotically forming 4 zoospores-each settles and divides-one cell becomes the hold fast another the filament
Conjugation: 2 filaments line up-form tube b/w cells and combine + and – gametes-zygote forms new filament

57. Alternation of Generations
Haploid stage and diploid state
Gametophyte stage & sporophyte stage

58. Phylum Chlorophyta Green algae
Single celled or multi-cellular- colonial, filaments, sheets
Freshwater, salt water, soil, lichens
Have chlorophyll a and b (like land plants)
Have many carotenoids & store food as starch (like land plants)
Cell wall made of cellulose (like land plants)

59. Chlamydomonas-single celled

60. Volvox-colonial

61. Spirogyra-filamentous

62. Conjugation of Spirogyra

63. Oedogonium-filament

64. Ulva Multicellular “Sea Lettuce”

65. Phylum Phaeophyta “Brown Algae”
Mostly marine (all multicellular)
Seaweeds or kelps
Cool rocky coasts
Chlorophylls a and c & fucoxanthan
Store food as laminarian-carb but different from starch

66. Sargassum large mats offshore

68. Macrocystis

69. Fucus

70. Laminaria

71. Phylum Rhodophyta Red Algae (color will vary)
Freshwater, land, mostly salt water
Found deep 657 feet
Chlorophyll a & pigments called phycobilins
Carageenan-polysaccharide in cell walls of some red algae- used in cosmetics, gel caps, some cheeses
Agar is made with cell wall extracts

72. Carollina

73. Polysiphonia

74. Erythrophyllum & Microcladia

75. Ceramium

76. Phylum Bacillariophyta
Freshwater & saltwater
Golden brown algae
Diatoms-have valves (centric or penate)
Large component of plankton-important producers
Diatomaceous earth-made of valves of dead diatoms-used to make detergents, paint removers, fertilizers, insulators, toothpaste

77. Diatoms

78. Phylum Dinoflagellata
“fire algae”
Small, unicellular organisms
Most are photosynthetic, some are colorless and heterotrophic
Good producers for the marine environment
Yellow green to brown color
Chlorophyll a and c; large amounts of cartenoids
Most have 2 flagella of unequal length
Spin like tops in the water
Cell walls made of cellulose plates
Some species are bioluminescent (sparkle or glow)
Some produce toxins and red pigments and cause red tides

79. Noctiluca

80. Ceratium

81. Gonyaulax

82. Gymnodinium

83. Peridinium

84. Phylum Chrysophyta Golden algae Most are in freshwater but some marine
Form highly resistant cysts (below frozen water or dry lakes)
2 flagella of uneven length at one end of the cell
Large amount of cartenoids
Chlorophylls a and c
Store surplus energy as oil-found in petroleum deposits

85. Synura

86. Phylum Euglenophyta Flagellated unicellular algae
Photosynthetic-have chlorophyll
No cell wall and highly mobile
Chlorophylls a and b; carotenoids
Most are freshwater, but have been found in moist soil and in the digestive tracts of certain animals

87. Euglena

88. Funguslike Protist
Slime & Water Molds

89. Slime Molds & Water Molds
Unique life cycles
Eukaryotic
Multicellular or large multinucleate heterotrophic organism with very little tissue specialization

90. Slime Molds
Spend part of their life in an amoeba like stage eating bacteria and organic matter
They also produce fungus like reproductive structures
Grow on damp soil, rotting logs, decaying leaves in moist areas
Appear as yellow or red slime

91. Two groups of slime molds
Cellular slime molds (Phylum Acrasiomycota)
Plasmodial slime molds (Myxomycota)
Both have a mobile feeding stage (like amoeba) and a stationary reproducive stage (like fungi)-produce a fruiting body

92. Phylum Acrasiomycota Individual haploid cells creep and feed
If food or water become scarce-the cells release a chemical that causes the cells to gather by the thousands and form a pseudoplasmodium (slug like)-cells move as a unit-it settles and forms a fruiting body in which spores develop-wind disperses the spores-each spore becomes an amoeba like cell

93. Cellular Slime Mold Dictyostelium discoideum

94. Phylum Myxomycota Plasmodial slime molds
Feeding stage is a mass of cytoplasm
Each plasmodium is multinucleate
Phagocytizes decaying matter on the forest floor
Unfavorable conditions-it begins to reproduce-stalked fruiting bodies-produce spores-2 join and grow into new plasmodium

95. Plasmodial slime mold

96. Water Molds Branching filaments of cells
Most are aquatic and are in freshwater
Some in soil and are parasites
White fuzz in aquariums
2 phyla

97. Phylum Oomycota
Pathogens to plants:potatoes, grapes, vegetables and fruits
Potato blight (Irish famine in mid-1800’s)
Reproduce asexually by producing flagellated zoospores-form a mat-sporangia are produced
Reproduce sexually by cells develop into egg and sperm containing structures-fertilization tubes form-zygotes-develop into new mass of filaments

98. Phytophthora

99. Plasmopara viticola

100. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Aquatic protists with gametes and zoospores with a single, posterior flagellum
Most are unicellular
Long filamentous bodies that anchor the organism
Many are parasites on algae, plants, and insects, others are saprophytes
Similar to fungi in that they absorb their food through the cell wall (made of chitin, like fungi)
Have enzymes similar to to fungi
May be link between protists and fungi

101. Allomyces