1. IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Potential and Costs for Controlling Particulate Matter in Europe

2. IIASA Approach to PM Assessment Health impact theories still controversial (PM mass, size, number, carbonaceous, etc.) Integrated assessment for all impact theories (as far as possible) to determine set of robust measures First step: PM mass, distinguish PM size classes Future work: other PM properties (carbonaceous, metals, alkaline, etc.)

3. IIASA Methodology  Emission factors for TSP first –mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources –reported factors for the mobile and other sources  PM 10 and PM 2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions  Uncontrolled emission factors for fine / coarse / PM>10  Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

4. IIASA Initial Projections of Primary PM EU-15Non-EU

5. IIASA PM10 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

6. IIASA PM2.5 emissions by source sector [kilotons]

7. IIASA PM control options considered in RAINS Stationary Sources: Cyclones Fabric filters Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) – 1 field – 2/3 fields – 3+ fields Improved combustion techniques for small sources Mobile Sources: EURO-II EURO-III EURO-IV EURO-V

8. IIASA Control potential for primary PM emissions

9. IIASA PM emission control costs (Billion Euro/year)

10. IIASA Major open issues Emissions from wood burning Re-suspension –Road –Rail Material handling Waste treatment & disposal, solvents Verification with national experts

11. IIASA On the Internet Free access to PM module National databases Emission calculations and projections Cost calculations and cost curves http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains