1. Janusz Cofala The RAINS model: Modelling of emission controls and costs

2. Calculating emission reductions i,j,k,mCountry, sector, fuel, abatement technology EiEi Emissions in country i A Activity in a given sector ef“Raw gas” emission factor eff m Reduction efficiency of the abatement option m XImplementation rate of the considered abatement measure

3. Use of low sulfur coal0.6% S Use of low sulfur heavy fuel oil0.6% S Use of low sulfur diesel (3 stages) 0.2 - 0.003% S Use of low sulfur gasoline 0.002% S In- furnace control 60% Flue gas desulfurization 85 - 95% Advanced flue gas desulfurization98% Process emissions controls (3 stages)50 – 80 % Main emission control options for SO 2 180 options considered in RAINS

4. For stationary sources –Combustion modifications20 - 65 % –SNCR70 % –SCR80 % For mobile sources –Road: Euro I – Euro V (VI)30 - 98 % –Non-road: Euro equivalents30 – 90 % –Seagoing ships: Combustion modification50 % SCR85 % Main emission control options for NO x 400 options considered in RAINS

5. For stationary sources –Substitution (water based paints, low solvent products), –Fugitive (leak detection, vapor recovery), –Add-on (adsorption, biofiltration), –Good practices For mobile sources –Same as for NOx, plus –Small carbon canisters Main emission control options for VOC 500 options considered in RAINS

6. For stationary sources –Cyclones, ESPs, fabric filters, wet scrubbers, –Catalytic inserts, new boilers and stoves, –Good practices For mobile sources –Same as for NO x Main emission control options for PM 850 options considered in RAINS

7. Main emission control options for NH 3 110 options considered in RAINS Low nitrogen fodders, Housing adaptation Biofiltration, Covered storage, Low ammonia applications, Poultry manure incineration, Urea substitution, Combinations of measures Impact of NOx controls on ammonia emissions included

8. Estimating emission control costs Methodology Annual cost method –Uniform real interest rate –Constant prices of 2000 Cost components: –investment, –fixed O+M, –variable O+M costs

9. Costs are country- and technology-specific Technology-specific factors: Investments, fixed O+M Demand for labour, energy, by-products Lifetime of equipment Removal efficiency Country-specific factors: Installation size, plant factors Prices for labour, energy, by-products, etc. Applicability

10. Methodology Costs per activity unit: I an Annualised investments OM fix Fixed operating & maintenance costs OM var Variable operating & maintenance costs pfCapacity utilisation Costs per emission removed: efUncontrolled emission factor ηRemoval efficiency

11. An example cost curve for SO 2

12. Costing of multi-pollutant measures For review of cost curves: Full costs of a measure are allocated to the pollutant under consideration. Adding up of cost curves leads to double-counting of costs! For optimisation: Decision variables are related to the application of a control measure for a given source. This application X has one cost figure associated and achieves simultaneous reductions of multiple pollutants. No double-counting, but “cost curves” for multiple pollutants are not independent from each other!

13. Validation of RAINS cost estimates Two documented case studies are available: –CONCAWE contribution to EGTEI (2003) –AEA-T review of UK cost curves for NEC (1998)

14. Prepared by L. White (LWA) Ao Ag

15. SO 2 cost curve for UK Source: AEAT, 1998 NEC Ceiling Final RAINS

16. NO x cost curve for UK Source: AEAT, 1998 NEC Ceiling