1. Metadata : an overview XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 Pete Johnston UKOLN, University of Bath Bath, BA2 7AY UKOLN is supported by: Email p.johnston@ukoln.ac.uk URL http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/

2. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 2 Metadata: an overview What is metadata? An introduction to the Dublin Core An introduction to XML for metadata An introduction to RDF RDF, XML and interoperability

3. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 3 What is metadata? “Data about data” “Data associated with objects which relieves their potential users of having to have full advance knowledge of their existence or characteristics. A user might be a program or a person.” –Dempsey and Heery, 1998 “Machine understandable information about web resources or other things.” –Berners-Lee, 1997

4. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 4 Resources, objects, things? HTML documents digital images databases books museum objects archival records metadata records collections services physical places people abstract “works” concepts events

5. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 5 What operations? User wants to –find –identify –select –obtain / use –(based on IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographical Record)

6. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 6 What operations? (2) Owner / manager / provider wants to –describe –classify –link, relate –enable and control access and use –commerce –property rights –content rating –authenticity –privacy –manage –administer –preserve

7. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 7 Metadata in practice Where is metadata created? –embedded in resource –separate entity linked to/from resource –remote database entry Where is metadata used? –harvested/aggregated to –central database? –multiple distributed databases? –queried by user –used by software agents in service of user

8. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 8 Metadata for a purpose Different “flavours” of metadata serve different purposes Simple, generic vs. rich, specific Automatic generation vs. human creation Standards and specifications available…...but need to choose appropriate standard for context

9. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 9 Standards for metadata Benefit of others’ experience, expertise Provide basis for good practice Reflect consensus, so facilitate exchange, access, interoperability May have support in software tools Standards for –semantics –syntax –structure

10. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 10 Introducing the Dublin Core Initiative to improve resource discovery on Web –not for complex resource description –simple “document-like objects” –extended to other classes of resource Interdisciplinary consensus on simple element set –15 elements –all optional –all repeatable

11. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 11 Introducing the Dublin Core Provides basic semantic interoperability –across domains –across language communities –may disclose rich description in simple, commonly understood form Allows for extensibility –but tension between extending DC and choosing other, richer schema

12. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 12 Introducing the Dublin Core Simplicity of semantics, ease of use Requires clarity about what resource is being described –e.g. work, expression, manifestation, item Real resources more complex than (stable) “document-like object”? –characteristics of resources change through time –agents perform actions which produce changes

13. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 13 Introducing XML Extensible Markup Language Recommendation of W3C, 1998, 2000 Defines means of describing tree- structured data in text-based format Subset of SGML –embedded markup delimits and describes data Platform-independent syntax Support for validation against structural model (DTD, XML Schema)

14. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 14 Introducing XML (2) Initially addressing HTML’s limitations for describing document structure Now widely adopted syntax for transferring data between programs, systems Standard programming interfaces –reusable software components Support from major software vendors Foundation for “Web services” –distributed applications invoked over Web

15. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 15 Introducing XML (3) “XML allows users to add arbitrary structure to their documents but says nothing about what the structures mean.” –Berners-Lee, 2001

16. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 16 Introducing RDF Resource Description Framework Model & Syntax Recommendation of W3C, 1999 Generic “architecture” for metadata –set of conventions for applications exchanging metadata –allow semantics to be defined by different resource description communities –accommodate mixing of metadata from diverse sources

17. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 17 Introducing RDF (2) Defines –model for making statements about resources –conventions for encoding statements using XML syntax Object types –Resource : any object identified by URI –not necessarily accessible via Web –Property : attribute to describe resource –properties also uniquely identified by URI –Statement : triple of specific resource, named property, and value

18. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 18 The RDF model http:/my.domain/doc/ author Pete A resource has some property whose value is either (i) a simple string value (literal)…. –The resource identified by the URI http://my.domain/doc/ has a property “author” whose value is “Pete” –Or, “Pete” is the “author” of the resource identified by http://my.domain/doc/

19. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 19 The RDF model (2) … or (ii) another resource http://my.domain/doc/ author Petepete@my.domain nameemail –The value of property “author” is another resource which has a property “name” with value “Pete” and a property “email” with value “pete@my.domain”

20. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 20 The RDF XML syntax XML representation of model –store/exchange descriptions Property names made unique through use of XML namespaces. Variant syntaxes <rdf:Description about=”http://my.domain/doc/”> Pete

21. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 21 The power of RDF Extensible model Supports arbitrary complexity of description URIs as unique fixed points to identify –resources –properties Descriptions created independently can be “merged” using URIs as “anchors”

22. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 22 RDF Schema Resource Description Framework Schema Candidate Recommendation of W3C, 2000 Provides mechanisms to define vocabularies used in RDF statements –e.g. Dublin Core metadata element set defined using RDF(S)

23. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 23 RDF Schema (2) Defines type system –resources grouped into classes –classes related hierarchically (subClassOf) –properties related hierarchically (subPropertyOf) –use of properties constrained (domain, range) RDF Schema employs RDF model –expressible using RDF/XML syntax

24. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 24 RDF, XML & interoperability Why isn’t XML enough? –simple statement could be expressed in XML in many different ways –human reader makes interpretation/guess –application program requires prior knowledge of schema/DTD design –RDF imposes extra syntactic constraints on how statement expressed –with RDF/XML, both human and program can interpret description consistently Less flexibility, greater interoperability

25. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 25 RDF, XML & interoperability Use XML for exchange when –applications both “know” semantics conveyed by structure of (meta)data Use RDF/XML for exchange when –(meta)data potentially used by applications without prior “knowledge” of specific schema –(meta)data incorporates overlapping structures from different domains

26. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 26 The Semantic Web Project of W3C –Present: info on Web for human reader, navigated by simple link –Future: data processed by programs designed independently of data Requires machine-readable statements about resources and their relationships –using common model –using vocabulary terms tied to unique definitions –definitions available to programs

27. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 27 The Semantic Web (2) Vision –software agents navigating web of descriptions and “ontologies” (including unknown vocabularies) –making inferences about data collected –communicating via partial understanding But… –A vision (only?) –Mistrust of the “hype”? –XML (Schema) vs. RDF (Schema)? –Doubts about RDF from KR community?

28. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 28 Conclusions Meaningful discussion of interoperability requires scope, context Syntactic interoperability - XML Structural interoperability - RDF Semantic interoperability –adoption of standard schema –terminological control –access to RDFS representation of schema

29. XML and Educational Metadata, SBU, London, 10 July 2001 29 Acknowledgements / further reading UKOLN metadata pages: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/ Dublin Core Metadata Initiative: http://dublincore.org/ IFLA, Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Record http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm W3C RDF : http://www.w3.org/RDF/ W3C Semantic Web : http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/