1. Samad Paydar Web Technology Laboratory Computer Engineering Department Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 1389/11/20 An Introduction to the Semantic Web

2. Outline Why Semantic Web? What is Semantic Web? Semantic Web Main Technologies Semantic Web Timeline 2

3. Mom Physician’s Agent Lucy’s Agent required treatment Schedule appointment Insurance Co. Provider sites Rating in-plan? close-by? Specialist? Pete’ Agent Driving schedule Semantic Web Scenario

4. The Vision The World Wide Web (the syntactic web) is a big and impressive success story, both in terms of – the amount of available information and – the growth rate of human users It has entered most areas of our daily life and business. 4

5. The Vision This success is based on its simplicity – It’s easy to publish information on the web – It’s easy to access information (but if you know where they are) 5

6. Why Semantic Web? Tasks often require to combine data on the Web: – hotel and travel information may come from different sites – searches in different digital libraries Humans combine these information easily even if – different terminologies are used – the information is incomplete, or buried in images, videos, … But Machines? 6

7. What is the Problem?

8. Challenge Query – What is the name of a person who is a member of an organization in Iran, and likes a kind of sport? 8

9. Why Semantic Web? (Some) data should be available for machines for further processing – Metadata: Data about data Data should be possibly combined, merged on a Web scale Machines may also need to reason about that data 9

10. What is Semantic Web? Tim Berners-Lee: – “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” 2001

11. Semantic Web “The Semantic Web will bring structure to the meaningful content of Web pages, creating an environment where software agents roaming from page to page can readily carry out sophisticated tasks for users” 2001 11

12. Current Web 12

13. Current Web Resources – identified by URI's – untyped Links – href, src,... – limited, non-descriptive User – Exciting world - semantics of the resource, however, gleaned from content Machine: – Very little information available - significance of the links only evident from the context around the anchor. 13

14. Semantic Web 14

15. Semantic Web Resources – Globally Identified by URI's – or Locally scoped (Blank) – Extensible – Relational Links – Identified by URI's – Extensible – Relational User – Even more exciting world, richer user experience Machine – More processable information is available (Data Web) Computers and people – Work, learn and exchange knowledge effectively 15

16. Semantic Web Technologies The Semantic Web extends the Web through the use of standards, markup languages and related processing tools 16

17. Semantic Web Layer Cake 17

18. A Simple Web Page  Markup consists of:  rendering information (e.g., font size and colour)  Hyper-links to related content  Semantic content is accessible to humans but not (easily) to computers…

19. Challenge Query – What is the name of a person who is a member of an organization in Iran, and likes a kind of sport? 19

20. What information can we see… Hi! My name is Ali! This is my homepage. I am a student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. I like football. 20

21. The Page Source Code in HTML Ali's Homepage Hi! My name is Ali! This is my homepage. I am a student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. I like football. “http://um.ac.ir 21

22. What information can a machine see… ………………….. ……….................... …………………………………………..…… …………………............................... 22

23. XML XML allows users to add arbitrary structure to their documents but says nothing about what the structures mean 23

24. Solution: XML “meaningful” tags …………………………. …………………. …………………….. ………… …………………………………………………………………… ……………………. 24

25. But What if? …………………………. …………………. …………………….. ………………… …………………………………………………………………… ……………. 25

26. RDF Resource Description Framework – A data model oMeaning encoded in sets of ‘triples’: entities have properties which have values oEach triple: subject-predicate-object oEntities, properties and values all have distinct URIs 26

27. RDF 27 Ali Ferdowsi University of Mashhad studentOF http://um.ac.ir hasHomePage

28. RDF http://um.ac.ir 28

29. Challenge Query – What is the name of a person who is a member of an organization in Iran, and likes a kind of sport? 29

30. But… What is the relation between – a Student and a Person? – Football and Sport? – University and College? – University and Website? Ontology is the solution 30

31. Ontology Ontologies provide semantic Main elements of an ontology: – Concepts – Relationships Hierarchical Logical – Properties – Instances (individuals) 31

32. Challenge Query – What is the name of a person who is a member of an organization in Iran, and likes a kind of sport? 32

33. Ontology To answer the query it is required to tell the machine that – There is a class of objects named ‘Student’ – There is a class of objects named ‘Person’ – Each Student is a Person – Each Person has a Name – There is a class of objects named ‘Sport Type’ – Football is a kind of Sport – There is an instance of a Student that its Name is “Ali” – …. 33

34. Ontology Ontology Languages – OWL – RDFS (RDF Schema) – SHOE – DAML+OIL 34

35. Scientific American, May 2001 Realising the complete “vision” is too hard for now (probably) But we can make a start by adding semantic annotation to web resources 35

36. Don’t Forget! 36 18952006

37. Semantic Web Layer Cake 37

38. Semantic Web: Now Numerous web technologies, languages, formats, and standards which provide the inferastructure – URI, XML, XML Schema, RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL, SerQL, HTTP, Microformats, RDFa, 38

39. Semantic Web: Now A large body of research and activity is related to ontologies, since they play a main role – Ontology engineering issues and tools ontology development, ontology selection, ontology matching, ontology evaluation, ontology partitioning,…. – Numerous Ontologies are developed in different domains, e.g. FOAF, DOAP, SIOC, SKOS, … 39

40. Semantic Web: Now Semantic Web technologies are used as an enabler in different areas to develop small semantic web applications – Ontology-based ….. – Ontology-enabled … – Semantic-Web-Enabled … – Semantic …. 40

41. Semantic Web Application Areas Content Discovery Content Management Customization and Adaptation Data Integration Domain Modeling Search and Information Retrieval Social Networks Automating Tasks Knowledge Management 41

42. Semantic Web: Now Semantic Web Search Engines – Swoogle, SWSE, Watson, Sindice, Falcons, Yahoo! Microsearch, …. 42

43. Web Evolution Timeline 43

44. Linked Data – If we see Semantic Web as a long term goal then Linked Data is a major step towards it’s large scale and full-featured realization 44

45. Thanks!! Any Question? 45