1. Chapter 4: The Ancient Greeks
(1600 BC BC)

2. I. The Impact of Geography
Geographic Features
1. Mountains, Peninsula, Islands… Isolation,Warfare
2. Seas: Ionian, Aegean, Med.; opportunity
B. Geography & the Polis: Small, indep, isolated

3. II. Early Civilizations
The Minoans (2800—1450BC)
* Bronze Age civilization.. Crete… Trade w/Egypt & Mesopotamia… Writing, copper & bronze, shipbuilding….Knossos… Sudden collapse

4. II. Early Civilizations
The Mycenaeans (1400—1100 BC)
* Indo-European Family… Powerful kings, militant society… Trojan War
** Two civilizations: forerunners of Ancient Greece

5. II. Early Civilizations
The Greeks in the Dark Age (1100—750 BC)
* After collapse of Mycenaeans… 300 years… Trade, culture, pop declined, writingdisappeared…
* Iron… Phoenician alphabet

6. II. Early Civilizations
Homer
* Greatest poets… Wrote of Trojan War in Iliad and Odyssey
* Greek values of heroism honor: strive for “Arete” or excellence
* Central to history & education… inspired others

7. III. The Greek City States
Polis: The Center of Greek Life
1. Polis: Greek for City-State
* Definition, Size, Population, Activities, Loyalty
2. Acropolis… Agora… Gymnasium… Amphitheaters
* Value on public life, physical strength, discipline

8. III. The Greek City-States
Polis
3. Rights & Responsibilities… Citizens & Noncitizens
4. Military System… Hoplites… Phalanx

9. III. The Greek City-States
Forms of Government
1. Aristocracy: ruled by a landowning elite
2. Oligarchy: ruled by the few for benefit of few
3. Tyranny: ruled by one autocratic leader
4. Democracy: govt by the people

10. III. The Greek City-States
Sparta
1. Location & Founders
* Peloponnesus & Dorians

11. III. The Greek City-States
Sparta: Society & Govt (charts)
* Helots (slaves)
* Oligarchy w/ 2 Kings… Ephors… Council of Elders
Ephors: 5 elected men… education & conduct
C of E: decide issues to vote on by male citizens

12. III. The Greek City-States
Sparta
5. Achievements
* Strong military role in Greek conflicts… Persian and Peloponnesian War
* Highly Disciplined
* However… Strict military role/ tight social control stifled intellectual development & advancement… discouraged ideas

13. III. The Greek City-States
Athens
1. Location & Founders: Attica Peninsula & Mycenaeans
** Charts
2. Draco
* Early Athens ruled by kings
* Codified laws w/ harsh penalties… led to calls for reform

14. III. The Greek City-States
Athens
3. Solon (594 BC): cancel jail; Counsel of 400
4. Peisistratus (561 BC):Tyranny; land to peasants
5. Cleisthenes (510 BC): Demo: C of 500: given power to pass laws after open debate

15. III. The Greek City-States
Forces for Unity (Chart)
***Rivalry led to fighting… independent spirit, economic rivals
1. Same language, culture, ancient heroes, common festivals, same gods
2. Mount Olympus… Zeus, Ares, Aphrodite, Athena, oracles… honored their gods… Olympic Games
3. General sense of own uniqueness and superiority

16. IV. Classical Greece Persian Wars 1. Darius & Ionian Rebellion
*Attack Athens in revenge
2. Battle of Marathon (490 BC)
*Minor defeat for Persian; moral victory for Greeks
3. Xerxes & Battle of Thermopylae
*Persia won, but allowed Greeks to regroup
4. Conclusion… Salamis… Delian League
*United Greeks beat an overextended Persia

17. IV. Classical Greece The Age of Pericles: “Golden Age”
1. Athenian Democracy
* Pericles…Direct democracy… Council of 500… stipend… jury… ostracism

18. IV. Classical Greece The Age of Pericles 2. Culture Thrives in Athens
* Shining example for all c/s… more under Contributions
3. Economy
* Farming [olive trees], trade, slavery… support culture

19. IV. Classical Greece The Peloponnesian War
1. Greek Resentment: Peloponnesian League
2. Warfare: Begin in 431 BC… 25 years
3. Results
* Athens defeated… Sparta win?

20. V. Alexander the Great & Hellenistic Age
Phillip II of Macedonia

21. V. Alexander the Great Alexander as Conqueror 1. Introduction
* Age… Aristotle… Persia… Revenage
2. On the March
* Persia & Darius III
* Empire: Nile Valley, Persia, India (Map)
* While in India…
* Ptolemaic Egypt [Cleopatra]; Seleucid; Antigonid

22. V. Alexander the Great Alexander as Ruler
1. More rights/ opportunities to women
*Legal codes show women no longer restricted to homes
2. Stimulated economy: gold & silver (& one language for trade: Greek)
3. Benevolent Tyrant
* Respect religions; local govt; tax rates

23. V. Alexander the Great Alexander’s Legacy
Hellenistic Culture: Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian
Greek Cities: soldiers, traders, artisans
Alexander himself…
Alexandria, Egypt: Pharos Lighthouse

24. VI. Greek & Hellenistic Contributions
Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom
1. Sophists
2. Socrates… Socratic Method
3. Plato… The Republic
4. Aristotle
5. Epicureanism
6. Stoicism… Zeno

25. IV. Contributions Literature 1. Homer 2. Aeschylus 3. Sophocles
4. Euripides
5. Herodotus
6. Thucydides

26. IV. Contributions Art & Architecture
*Parthenon…. Pottery… Hoplite soldiers

27. IV. Contributions
D. Science & Math * Aristarchus… Archimedes… Hippocrates… Pythagoras… Euclid