2. Computer Basics Computer Technology

3. The History of the Computer Then & Now

4. Computer Evolution 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

5. Computer Evolution Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom. Early 1800’s Jacquard – uses punch cards to control the pattern of the weaving loom. 1832 Charles Babbage - invents the Difference Engine

6. The Punch Card 1890 Herman Hollerith – invents a machine using punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He starts the company that would later be IBM.

7. Evolution (continued) 1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC computer, first electronic computer is unveiled at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next slide)

8. ENIAC Computer Miles of wiring Miles of wiring 18,000 vacuum tubes 18,000 vacuum tubes Thousands of resistors and switches Thousands of resistors and switches No monitor No monitor 3,000 blinking lights 3,000 blinking lights Cost $486,000 Cost $486,000 100,000 additions per second 100,000 additions per second Weighed 30 tons Weighed 30 tons Filled a 30x50 foot room Filled a 30x50 foot room Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted up Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted up

9. 1943 Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project. Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working on the Mark I programming project. She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction. She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a program that causes a program to malfunction.

10. 1950s Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitry Vacuum Tubes were the components for the electronic circuitry Punch Cards main source of input Punch Cards main source of input Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec) 100,000 additions/sec. 100,000 additions/sec. Used for scientific calculations Used for scientific calculations New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness wasn’t’ New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness wasn’t’

11. Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes) Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller, faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes) Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec) 200,000 additions/sec. 200,000 additions/sec. Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing of computers to businesses Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing of computers to businesses Data files stored on magnetic tape Data files stored on magnetic tape Computer Scientists controlled operations Computer Scientists controlled operations 1960s

12. Late 60’s Early 70’s Integrated circuit boards Integrated circuit boards New input methods such as plotters, scanners New input methods such as plotters, scanners Software became more important Software became more important Sophisticated operating systems Sophisticated operating systems Improved programming languages Improved programming languages Storage capabilities expanded (disks) Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

13. 1970’s Integrated circuits and silicone chips lead to smaller microprocessors

14. Late 80’s to Current Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors placed on a tiny silicon chip. Pentium chip named by Intel Pentium chip named by Intel Modems – communication along telephone wires Modems – communication along telephone wires Portable computers: laptops Portable computers: laptops Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes Emphasis on information needed by the decision maker. Emphasis on information needed by the decision maker.

15. The Information Processing Cycle INPUT OUTPUT AUXILIARYSTORAGE PROCESSING MAINMEMORY

16. INPUT DEVICES (Hardware) Keyboard Keyboard Mouse Mouse Joystick Joystick Trackball Trackball Light pen Light pen Image scanner Image scanner Touch tone telephone Touch screens Bar code scanner Digitizer Voice recognition Auxiliary Storage Device INPUT

17. Central Processing Unit: CPU Central Processing Unit: CPU The Brains or Intelligence of the computer. Controls input and output The Brains or Intelligence of the computer. Controls input and output The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. The part of the computer that interprets and executes instructions. Silicon chip: integrated circuit board Silicon chip: integrated circuit board Pentium: name give to a particular chip Pentium: name give to a particular chip PROCESSING PROCESSING HARDWARE

18. What two numbers are used in Binary Code? 0 and 1 0 and 1 They are each called a BIT They are each called a BIT 8 BITS make a BYTE 8 BITS make a BYTE 1 BYTE makes a letter or number 1 BYTE makes a letter or number KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes

19. MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE ROM R EAD O NLY M EMORY Small Small Instructions are installed permanently at the factory Instructions are installed permanently at the factory Cannot be changed Cannot be changed These instructions check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System These instructions check the computer’s resources and looks for Operating System RAM R ANDOM A CCESS M EMORY Main Memory Temporary—it is erased when turned off. It is where programs and data is stored while being processed MEMORY

20. OUTPUT DEVICES ( HARDWARE) Useful information that leaves the system Useful information that leaves the system Output Hardware includes: Output Hardware includes: Monitor: soft copy Printers: hard copy Flat Panel displays Voice and music - speakers Synthesizers Plotters OUTPUT

21. AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES Network Drive ( H: drive) Network Drive ( H: drive) Hard Disk Drive ( C:drive) Hard Disk Drive ( C:drive) Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk ( A:drive) Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½” Floppy Disk ( A:drive) Smart card Smart card CD Read/Write Drive CD Read/Write Drive Zip Drive Zip Drive Digital Audio Tape Digital Audio Tape AUXILIARYSTORAGE

22. Computer Hardware

23. Hardware Includes the electronic and mechanical devices that process the data; refers to the computer as well as peripheral devices

24. System Unit Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard). Case that holds the power supply, storage devices and the circuit boards (including the motherboard).

25. CPU (Central Processing Unit) Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer. Where the processing in a computer takes place, often called the brain of the computer.

26. Circuits The path from one component of a computer to another that data uses to travel. The path from one component of a computer to another that data uses to travel. Circuits run between Circuits run between RAM and the microprocessor RAM and the microprocessor RAM and various storage devices RAM and various storage devices

27. Silicon Chip Silicon is melted sand. Silicon is melted sand. What the circuits are embedded into to keep them together. What the circuits are embedded into to keep them together.

28. Peripheral Devices Devices connected by cable to the CPU. Devices connected by cable to the CPU. Used to expand the computer’s input, output and storage capabilities.

29. Input Devices Units that gather information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer. Units that gather information and transform that information into a series of electronic signals for the computer.

30. Keyboard An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer. An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special function keys that act as the primary input device to the computer.

31. Mouse An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk. An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on the screen by moving the mouse along the surface of the desk.

32. Sound Card A circuit board that gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones. A circuit board that gives the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound files, and produce audio output through speakers or headphones.

33. Modem A device that sends and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines. A device that sends and receives data to and from computers over telephone lines. Means (Modulate – Demodulate). Means (Modulate – Demodulate).

34. Output Devices Devices that display, print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory. Devices that display, print or transmit the results of processing from the computers memory.

35. Monitor Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen. Display device that forms an image by converting electronic signals from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.

36. Resolution The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution. The density of the grid used to display or print text and graphics; the greater the horizontal and vertical density, the higher the resolution. The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution. The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more pixels the better the resolution.

37. Pixels The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics. The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer display devices use a matrix of pixels to display text and graphics. Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

38. Printer Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper. Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper.

39. Speakers Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects. Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s sound card to play music, narration, or sound effects.

40. Storage Devices Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off. Used to keep data when the power to the computer is turned off. Different forms Different forms Hard disk Hard disk Floppy or zip disks Floppy or zip disks CD-Writer CD-Writer

41. Formatted Arrangement of data for storage or display. Arrangement of data for storage or display. All storage devices must be formatted. All storage devices must be formatted.

42. Hard Disk Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storage Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent storage

43. Floppy Disk Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelope Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff envelope

44. Compact Discs CD-ROM CD-ROM Compact disk with read only memory Compact disk with read only memory CD-R CD-R Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk. Compact disk which you can write to only one time. It then becomes a read only disk. CD-RW CD-RW Compact disk which you may rewrite to. Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

45. DVD DVD ROM DVD ROM Digital Video Disk which is read only. Digital Video Disk which is read only. DVD-R DVD-R Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only. Digital Video Disk which can be written to one time. It then becomes read only. DVD-RW DVD-RW Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to. Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.

46. Flash or Jump Drives External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive. External storage devices that can be used like a external hard drive. They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive. They have the capability to be saved to, deleted from, and files can be renamed just like with a normal hard drive.

47. Software Components

48. Software A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular tasks. A computer program that tells the computer how to perform particular tasks.

49. Program A series of commands and executable files that produce results. A series of commands and executable files that produce results.

50. Operating System Software that translates a computers commands and allows application programs to interact with the computer’s hardware Software that translates a computers commands and allows application programs to interact with the computer’s hardware Examples: Examples: Windows XP Windows XP Unix Unix OS 10 (MAC) OS 10 (MAC)

51. Application Software Program that performs a specific function. Program that performs a specific function. Examples Examples Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Adobe Photoshop Adobe Photoshop WordPerfect WordPerfect

52. Multitasking Ability to do more than one thing at a time. Ability to do more than one thing at a time. Computers can run several application software programs and the operating system at the same time. Computers can run several application software programs and the operating system at the same time.

53. Software Use Icon Icon Image that represent executable files. Image that represent executable files. GUI (Graphical User Interface) GUI (Graphical User Interface) Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on screen. Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on screen. Menus Menus List or table of executable files List or table of executable files

54. Types of Computers

55. Super Computer Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest or most powerful at one given time. Mainframe computer which is the largest, fastest or most powerful at one given time. A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed. A computer that was the fastest in the world at the time it was constructed. Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computers Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for other computers Typical uses Typical uses Breaking codes Breaking codes Modeling weather systems Modeling weather systems

56. Mainframe Large powerful computer often serving many connected terminals. Large powerful computer often serving many connected terminals. Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized. Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized. Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet. Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.

57. Server A computer that processes request for HTML and other documents that are components of Web pages. A computer that processes request for HTML and other documents that are components of Web pages. Purpose is to “serve.” Purpose is to “serve.” A computer that has the purpose of supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (Local Area Network). A computer that has the purpose of supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (Local Area Network).

58. Workstation Desktop computer which is usually more powerful than a Microcomputer. Desktop computer which is usually more powerful than a Microcomputer. Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized tasks. A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or horizontal case. The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or horizontal case. Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer. Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.

59. Desktop Microcomputer Small computer based on a microprocessor. Small computer based on a microprocessor. A personal computer designed to meet the needs of an individual; provides a variety of applications. Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, and internet. Provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, photo editing, e-mail, and internet.

60. Laptop or Notebook Portable, Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall outlet or battery unit with all components in one unit. All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit. All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in one compact unit. Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop. Usually more expensive than a comparable desktop. Sometimes called a notebook. Sometimes called a notebook.

61. Handheld Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant). A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on batteries, and is used while holding in your hand. A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on batteries, and is used while holding in your hand. Typically used as an appointment book, address book, calculator, and notepad. Typically used as an appointment book, address book, calculator, and notepad. Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer as a backup. Can be synchronized with a personal microcomputer as a backup.

62. Networks File Server File Server A computer dedicated to running applications and storing data. May be shared with other workstations A computer dedicated to running applications and storing data. May be shared with other workstations IP address IP address A unique address assigned to a computer so that it may be located across the web. A unique address assigned to a computer so that it may be located across the web.

63. Network Two or more computers and other devices that are connected, for the purpose of sharing data and programs. Two or more computers and other devices that are connected, for the purpose of sharing data and programs.

64. Types of Networks LAN Intranetwork LAN Intranetwork Local Area Network A method by which multiple computers are connected. (CJH) Local Area Network A method by which multiple computers are connected. (CJH) WAN InternetworkWide WAN InternetworkWide Wide Area Network by which large geographical areas can be connected. (Davis District) Wide Area Network by which large geographical areas can be connected. (Davis District)

65. Computer Performance and Processing

66. Boot Process Sequence of events that occurs between the time you turn on a computer and the time that it becomes ready to accept commands. Sequence of events that occurs between the time you turn on a computer and the time that it becomes ready to accept commands. Purposes Purposes Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is working. Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is working. Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry out basic operations. Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry out basic operations.

67. 6 events of the boot process: Power up Power up Start boot program Start boot program Power-on self-test Power-on self-test Identify peripheral devices Identify peripheral devices Load operation system Load operation system Check configuration and customization Check configuration and customization

68. Megahertz (mHz) A measurement used to describe the speed of the system clock. A measurement used to describe the speed of the system clock. A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or pulses) per second. A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or pulses) per second. 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per second. 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per second.

69. Pentium Name of the CPU. Name of the CPU. Pentium is the 5 th generation of the Intel processor. Pentium is the 5 th generation of the Intel processor. Other generations were called: Other generations were called: 80-88 80-88 286 286 386 386 486 486

70. RAM vs. ROM RAM RAM “Random Access Memory” “Random Access Memory” The ability of a storage devices to go directly to a specific storage location without having to search sequentially for a beginning location. The ability of a storage devices to go directly to a specific storage location without having to search sequentially for a beginning location. Very volatile Very volatile Cannot hold data when the power is off. Cannot hold data when the power is off. Losses all data when power is lost. Losses all data when power is lost. ROM “Read only memory” Drives can read data from disks, but cannot store new data on them. One or more integrated circuits that contain permanent instructions that the computer uses during the boot process.

71. Binary Number System A method for representing numbers using only two digits 0 and 1. A method for representing numbers using only two digits 0 and 1. Bit – each 0 or 1. Bit – each 0 or 1. Byte – 8 bits Byte – 8 bits Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code. Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.

72. Memory Measurements Bit Bit Each 0 or 1 Each 0 or 1 Byte Byte 8 bits 8 bits Kilobyte Kilobyte Approximately 1 thousand bytes Approximately 1 thousand bytes Megabyte Megabyte Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes) Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes) Gigabyte Gigabyte Approximately 1 billion bytes Approximately 1 billion bytes Terabyte Terabyte Approximately 1 trillion bytes Approximately 1 trillion bytes

73. Basic Terms

74. Computer Computer A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.

75. Basic Terms Input Input Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created and fed into the computer. Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created and fed into the computer. Output Output Useful information that leaves the system. Useful information that leaves the system. Data Data Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects or ideas. Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects or ideas.

76. Basic Terms Processing Processing Manipulation of the data in many ways Manipulation of the data in many ways Memory Memory Area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage Storage Area of the computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Area of the computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.

77. Basic Terms File management File management A method of organizing files and folders to make data more easily accessible. A method of organizing files and folders to make data more easily accessible. Folders Folders Location of physical media where data is stored Location of physical media where data is stored File File Individual document created and saved by the user. Individual document created and saved by the user.