1. Polarization 1 1 1

2. XY – Plane: Plane of polarisation

3. S =(E x B)/μo

4. Unpolarized light
Polaroid: Transmits along the pass axis and absorbs along the perpendicular axis

5. Malus law

6. Unpolarized light

7. Degree of polarisation
If the incident light is a mixture of unpolarised light of intensity Iu
and polarised light of intensity Ip, then the transmitted light is given by:

8. Polarisation by scattering

9. Rayleigh scattering
Blue sky
Red Sunset / Sunrise

10. Convention

11. Plane of polarisation is same as plane of incidence
Plane of polarisation is perpendicular
to the plane of incidence

12. Polarisation by reflection

13. unpolarised polarised
Brewster angle
unpolarised polarised
linearly polarised
partially polarised
Glass

14. Brewster angle

15. Brewster’s
law
= Brewster angle

16. Polarisation by reflection

17. Calcite Polarisation by double refraction Quartz
- Two refracted beams emerge instead of one
- Two images instead of one
Optic Axis: Uniaxial crystals exhibit cylindrical symmetry.
There is a unique direction in a uniaxial crystal called the optic axis.
Values of physical parameters along optic axis are different from the values perpendicular to it.
Calcite
Quartz

18. Plane contains optic axis and the direction of propagation
Ordinary ray
Extraordinary ray
Principal
Plane:
Optic axis
Plane contains optic axis and the direction of propagation
Calcite

19. Ordinary ray
σ - polarised
Polariser/
Analyser
Calcite

20. Extraordinary ray
π - polarised
Calcite

21. Polarisation by double refraction
Isotropic Medium : Velocity Spherical
Uniaxial and Biaxial Crystals
Uniaxial : Calcite, Quartz
Biaxial: Mica
Anisotropic Medium : Velocity ellipsoid

22. - Polarisation - Polarisation Plane of polarisation is same as
This definition
is considered in
absence of
Principal Plane
Plane of polarisation is same as
plane of incidence (principal plane)
- Polarisation
Plane of polarisation is perpendicular
to the plane of incidence (principal plane)
Plane of incidence :
plane contains incident ray, reflected/refracted ray, surface normal
Plane of polarisation :
plane contains electric field vector and direction of propagation
Principal plane :
Plane contains optic axis and the direction of propagation

23. Plane of polarisation is same as principal plane
e-ray :
Plane of polarisation is same
as principal plane
e-ray in general does not obey the laws of refraction
except in case of special cut of crystal (optic axis)
o-ray :
Plane of polarisation is perpendicular to the principal plane
o-ray always obeys the laws of refraction
Always
e-ray carries -polarisation
and
o-ray carries -polarisation

24. Calcite - Negative (ne - no)<0 no = 1.6584 ne = 1.4864
Linear polarisation by double refraction
Positive and Negative uniaxial crystals
Quartz Positive (ne - no)>0
no =
ne =
ne > no
ve < vo
For sodium D lines
Calcite - Negative (ne - no)<0
ne < no
ve > vo
no =
ne =
Velocity or Refractive index is the same along
the OPTIC AXIS for o-ray and e-ray.

25. Velocity ellipsoid Quartz Positive crystal ne > no ve < vo
Wave surface is the locus of all points reached by the ray at a given instant
Velocity ellipsoid
Positive crystal
Quartz
ne > no
ve < vo
Sphere
Spheroid

26. Positive crystal
Quartz
ne > no
ve < vo
Sphere
Spheroid

27. Positive crystal
Quartz
ne > no
ve < vo
Sphere
Spheroid

28. Calcite
Negative crystal
ne < no
ve > vo
Spheroid
Sphere

29. Calcite
Negative crystal
ne < no
ve > vo
Spheroid
Sphere

30. Calcite
Negative crystal
ne < no
ve > vo
Spheroid
Sphere

31. Biaxial

32. Huygens’
construction

33. Calcite
ne < no
ve > vo

34. Special cuts of uniaxial crystal
Optic axis normal to the surface of incidence
No double refraction

35. Optic axis parallel to the surface of incidence
No double refraction

36. Oblique Incidence
Optic axis parallel to the surface of incidence, normal to the plane of incidence

37. Nicol prism
Calcite
no =
ne =
Canada
balsam
n = 1.55

38. Rochon prism

40. Wollaston prism

41. Plane polarised Circularly polarised
Elliptical and circular polarisation
Plane polarised
Etc.
Circularly polarised

42. Production of elliptically polarised light

43. Retarders
Quarter wave, Half wave and Full wave

44. GLASS

45. Quartz

46. Half wave plate
Quartz

47. Babinet Compensator is a Variable retarder C . . . . . .

48. Interference of polarised light
Fresnel-Arago laws
Two coherent rays polarised
at right angles do not interfere
2. Two parallel coherent polarised
rays will interfere in the same
way as will ordinary light

49. Optically active medium
Rotation of the plane of vibration & Rotatary dispersion
Dextrorotatary or right handed medium
Levorotatary or left handed medium
Specific rotation
= Deg/mm
for Sodium lines

50. Sugar, Glucose and Fructose
Specific rotation
Sugar
(Sucrose or Cane sugar) o
66.47
Glucose-D
( Dextrose or Grape sugar) o
52.7
Fructose
(Levulose or Fruit sugar) o
- 92

51. Rotation in liquids
Specific rotation is defined as the observed rotation of light of wavelength 589 nm (the d line of a sodium lamp) passing through 10 cm of a 1 g ml-1 solution of a sample.
One can find out the density of substance in solution
Specific rotation,
[ρ] = 10 θ / ld
θ = angle of rotation
l = Length of the liquid column in cm
d = density in gm/cm3

52. Fresnel’s explanation of rotation

54. Induced Optical Effects
Isotropic medium can be made optically anisotropic applying
Stress : Photoelastic Effect
Magnetic field : Faraday Effect
Electric field : Kerr effect

55. Faraday effect d B
min
/Gauss-cm
=Verdet cosntant

56. Kerr effect An isotropic medium becomes birefringent
by an application of electric field.
It behaves like an uniaxial crystal with
optic axis in the direction of applied field.
K = Kerr Constant