1. Community Interactions and Ecosystem Changes

2. Modeling Energy Flow In Ecosystems Revisited…

3. Ultimate source of energy  Sun

4. Energy Flow in Ecosystems can be modeled in Food Chains & Food Webs Food Chains Show 1 feeding relationship from producer  consumers Food Webs Interconnected food chains They show all of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem

5. 5 Energy Pyramids and the 10% Rule Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumersAmount of available energy decreases for higher consumers Amount of available energy decreases down the food chainAmount of available energy decreases down the food chain It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumersIt takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumersIt takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers

6. 100% 10% 1% 0.1% Trophic Levels indicate feeding position in ecosystems TL 4 TL 3 TL 2 TL 1

7. Community Interactions in Ecosystems

8. Predator Prey Interactions Predators help control the prey population size – No natural predators = overpopulation of prey. – Deer in NJ Prey can control the size of predators – Few prey = few predators – Many prey = many predators – What would happen to a population of mountain lions if they were reintroduced to NJ? Predators and prey might have no relationship – If the predators rely on many sources of food, one disappearing may have little effect – Can you think of any examples of this?

9. Predator Prey Interactions Between Wolves & Moose on Isle Royal

10. Competition Interaction between two or more organisms, or groups of organisms, that use a common limited resource May occur within or between populations The Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same exact niche The species with the more rapid growth rate will out compete the other

11. The Competitive Exclusion Principle

12. Symbiotic Relationships Close long-term relationships between two or more organisms Parasitism +/- One organism benefits, the other is harmed (but not killed… usually) Mosquitoes Ticks/Fleas Mutualism +/+ Both organisms benefit Lichen: Fungi & Algae Insects & flowers Commensalism +/0 One organism benefits, the other is unaffected Birds & Hooved animals Fish & Anemone

13. A dog becomes infested with fleas. The fleas are thriving by feeding on the dog’s blood. The dog is very uncomfortable but able to survive. Is this competition, predation, or symbiosis?

14. An insect drinks nectar from a flower. The insect gets a meal, and the flower gets pollinated. The flower can now reproduce. What type of symbiosis is this?

15. You eat some sushi that contains a tapeworm larvae. It grows and feeds off the nutrients in your intestines, robbing them from you. No matter how much you eat, you become more and more emaciated. What type of symbiosis is this?

16. Barnacles attach themselves to a whale and feed on particles in the water as the whale moves. The whale is unharmed. What type of symbiosis is this?

17. A lion hides in the grass waiting for its next meal Is this competition, predation, or symbiosis?

18. Two grizzly bears are fighting over salmon Is this competition, predation, or symbiosis?

19. Changes in Terrestrial Ecosystems Ecological Succession

20. Succession Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary Gradual changes in community structure over time in response to environmental conditions

21. Primary Succession Begins in a place without any soil – Sides of volcanoes – Landslides – Flooding Starts with the arrival of living things such as lichens that do not need soil to survive Called PIONEER SPECIES

22. Primary Succession Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil

23. Primary Succession Simple plants like ferns & mosses can grow in the new soil http://uisstc.georgetown.edu http://www.uncw.edu

24. Primary Succession The simple plants die, adding more organic material. The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over. These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil. Shrubs and tress can survive now http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu http://www.rowan.edu

25. Primary Succession Insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move in What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life http://p2-raw.greenpeace.org

26. Secondary Succession Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil; faster and different pioneer species than primary succession

27. End result of Succession: A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process Does not always mean big trees – Grasses in prairies – Cacti in deserts

28. Past and Current Beliefs Up to ~1960’s If undisturbed, ecosystems achieve permanent structure; a habitat/niche for each organism If disturbed, returns to the same permanent state  “Climax community” over time Now All ecosystems are in continuing state of disturbance/change Not all species at peak Called a “mature community” Moderate, frequent disturbances create communities with high biodiversity Each disturbance goes through succession

29. Not every disturbance is a disaster... The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Ecosystems that experience intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.

30. Not every disturbance is a disaster... Disturbances may kill some species, but allow others to benefit and thrive. Therefore, the NPP of the ecosystem may remain unchanged- we can say it is resistant. When a disturbance influences populations or communities, but not the overall flow of energy and cycling of matter, we say the ecosystem has high resistance. When an ecosystem’s flow of energy and matter are affected by a disturbance, the rate at which recovers to original condition occurs can be measured. That rate is called resilience. A highly resilient ecosystem would recovery quickly after a disturbance.

31. Values of Ecosystems Provision Services- Goods that humans can use directly. Regulating services- The service provided by natural systems that helps regulate environmental conditions. Support systems- The support services that natural ecosystems provide such as pollination, natural filters and pest control. Cultural services- Ecosystems provide cultural or aesthetic benefits to many people.