1. Chapter 17+18 Unit F: Plate Tectonics

2. Layers of the Earth 17.1 The three main layers that make up Earth are -The crust -Mantle -Core The crust is up to 100 km thick the mantle is about 3000 km thick the core has a radius of about 3500 km. The more dense layers(core) sink to the bottom

3. Layers A)The CRUST Outer most layer Where we live! Very thin compared to other layers Made up of continental and oceanic crust (the rigid rock of the continent and ocean floors)

4. Layers B) The Mantle There are 3 layers within the mantle. 1)beneath the crust is the solid outer mantle. Together with the crust, this layer forms the rigid lithosphere 2) Asthenosphere: It is so hot and has so much pressure on it from the lithosphere above that it behaves like a viscous fluid, or soft plastic, even though it is solid mantle. 3) a dense inner layer of lower mantle

5. Layers C) The Core is the nearly spherical centre of Earth. It has a radius of about 3500 km 2 distinct layers: A) The outer core consists of liquid iron and nickel B) the inner core is mostly very dense solid iron.

8. Finding Out About Earth’s Structure Direct Observations Volcanoes provide scientists with one of the best ways to directly observe Earth’s interior. Some volcanoes bring molten rock from deep within Earth’s mantle. Sampling ancient and fresh lava flows allows scientists to compare the minerals in magma to other minerals in rock at or near the surface Rock samples are also collected from holes drilled into Earth for oil exploration or mining

9. Indirect Observations Scientists use observations made at the surface of Earth to make suggestions about the structures and processes underground. Measuring the magnetic field of layers of ancient lava flows gives a record of the strength and direction of Earth’s magnetic field over time. This record can then be compared to measurements across the sea floor to make inferences about the age of sea floor rock. Measuring the local strength of gravity gives geologists clues about the density of material below the surface because denser rock increases the local gravity. Dense rocks = local gravity

10. Most Important methods

11. Modern Mapping Mapping techniques allow scientists to plot the locations of geologic formations such as volcanoes, mountain ranges, lava flows, fossil beds, and ancient oceans. New remote sensing technologies: 1- satellite and aerial photography record vast areas 2- global positioning system (GPS) receivers are used to track very small movements of Earth’s crust 3- infrared and radar images are combined to illustrate features not visible from Earth’s surface.

12. Homework Page 496 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11.

13. Videos 6.30 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAHY6965o08 Quick one 1.30 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxGgkF582rI