1. Political Organization

2. Four Types of Political Structures
Band societies
Tribal societies
Chiefdoms
State societies

3. Band Societies Least complex form of political arrangement.
Characterized by small, nomadic populations of food collectors.
Most bands number between 30 and 50 people.

4. Band Societies
Little concept of individual property ownership with a high value on sharing, cooperation, and reciprocity.
Little role specialization and highly egalitarian.
Thought to be the oldest form of political organization.

5. Characteristics of Band Societies
There is a high value placed on “getting along” with one another.
Bands are independent of one another and are not part of a larger political structure.
Political decisions are often embedded in the wider social structure.
Leadership roles in band societies tend to be informal.

6. Tribal Societies Found most often among food producers.
Tend to have populations that are larger, denser, and somewhat more sedentary.
Leadership is informal and not vested in a centralized authority.

7. Chiefdoms
Political authority is likely to reside with a single individual, acting alone or in conjunction with an advisory council.
Integrate a number of local communities in a formal and permanent way.
Made up of local communities that differ from one another in terms of rank and status.
Chiefships are hereditary, and the chief and immediate kin are a social and political elite.

8. State Systems Most formal and complex form of political organization.
Authority of the state rests on two important foundations.
The state holds exclusive right to use force and physical coercion.
The state maintains authority by means of ideology.

9. Quick Quiz

10. 1. The least complex form of political arrangement is the ________, characterized by small groups of food collectors.
chiefdom
band
tribe
state

11. Answer: b
The least complex form of political arrangement is the band, characterized by small groups of food collectors.

12. 2. In societies known as ________, political authority is likely to reside with a single individual, acting alone or with an advisory council.
bands
states
chiefdoms
tribes

13. Answer: c
In societies known as chiefdoms, political authority is likely to reside with a single individual, acting alone or with an advisory council.

14. 3. The ________ system of government is the most formal and most complex form of political organization.
band
tribe
state
chiefdom

15. Answer: c
The state system of government is the most formal and most complex form of political organization.